Research essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Research - Essay Example While every religion has its claims to salvation all of them contradict each other. Hence either all are wrong or one of them is right since they all cannot be true as well as this would violate the law of non-contradiction thereby making religious pluralism invalid. We can however base the truth of Jesus being the only way to salvation with proof of history, documented reliability of the bible and the resurrection of Christ. The world situation today certainly brings us to a point where we are left to contemplate on our ways and create new means of holding on to our sanity through religious means. This brings us to look upon someone who can show us the way and enlighten us with the truth. Who else can fit the role precisely other than Jesus Christ who has been acknowledged through the ages as the savior of the world. People try to follow their accepted religion with fervor and hope, it is when they fail to attain the peace and happiness that they so long for, that they look for guidance. When they realize that with their own ways and means of adhering to rituals and rites cannot gain satisfaction they reach out to other means of salvation. There are many prophets and teachers who have enlightened the human race with their concepts and ways. But this has failed to change the attitude of people who rebel against religion itself. In the name of religion there has been a phenomenal effort put into creating our own gods and god men who have laid down the rules and rituals to encourage their religion with dynamic zeal all through history. While the pluralistic world has great appeal to most people for its wide tolerance and defiance to back any religion, this is another way for person to live his life without restrictions and boundaries. It is difficult to relate to very different religion like atheistic Buddhism to the monolithic Islam or Christianity. Judging the beliefs and aspects of each

What factors make Switzerland an attractive option for European Dissertation

What factors make Switzerland an attractive option for European commercial real estate investors - Dissertation Example The research aims to investigate what factors make Switzerland an attractive option for European Commercial Real Estate investors. The study will take in consideration those factors in order to understand which type of commercial real estate will be more profitable.The research is based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data will be collected via a mixed method approach. Firstly the author will use an inductive approach to make four semi-structured (exploratory) interviews with individuals working for â€Å"Compagnie des Parcs† (a young commercial real estate company based in Switzerland). The questions will mainly emphasize on the factors that makes Switzerland attractive for European investors. In a second phase, based on the interviews, an inductive approach will be used to create a short survey, which will be forwarded to a few individuals, all covering a particular aspect of the industry. In addition, a case study examining property deals made by Compagnie des P arcs will be assessed. The secondary data will be collected through books, articles, market reports, past dissertations and online sources. The data will be analyzed via different models such as the Grounded Theory for the Qualitative data or the SSPS software for the quantitative data. Hypothesis –Switzerland is an attractive option for European investors. Warehouses and elderly ONE DOESN’T USE ELDERLY FOR HOUSES IN ENGLISH – OLDER? houses are both interesting type of commercial real estate to invest in. Although offices are good alternatives, it does not offer such a high profitability. Because interest rate is extremely low those investors benefit from cheap money and thus high leverage opportunities. In addition, the country is in close proximity to Europe but does not belong to the Euro zone that is forecasted to worsen in regards to its economy. THIS IS NOT WHAT A HYPOTHESIS IS. PLEASE CHECK THIS IS YOUR TEXT BOOK – IT HAS TO BE A STATEMENT WHICH IS OPEN TO BE TESTED Value – This study, which has not been assessed before will fill an important gap for commercial real estate investors. It will add knowledge to a currently under studied area. The research will also help investors in identifying rapidly which factors are essential to evaluate in order to maximize the profit and reduce the risk of future investment. In addition, this study will be important to understand that real estate business cycle cannot be disregarded when entering the market. AT THIS STAGE IT ISN’T CLEAR TO ME WHAT THE RQ IS. YOU HAVE MADE AN ASSUMPTION THAT S. IS ATTRACTIVE AND GIVEN SOME REASONS WHY THIS SHOULD BE SO – BUT WHAT EXACTLY ARE YOU TESTING? THAT IT IS ATTRACTIVE? COMPARED WITH WHAT? IS THIS A TEMPORAL STUDY – LOOKING AT SWITZERLAND IN DIFFERENT PERIODS? A COMPARISON WITH THE RELATIVE ATTRACTION OF OTHER COUNTRIES? HOW ARE YOU GOING TO DEFINE ATTRACTION? HOW ARE YOU GOING TO MEASURE IT? IS A CASE STUDY APPROPRIATE IN THIS SITUATION? Table of Contents Acknowledgements 2 Abstract 3 Background 7 The objectives and purpose of the project 9 The justification for the project 10 The research question 11 literature REVIEW 12 Definition of REAL estate 12 Types of real estate 12 Why invest in real estate 13 Supply and demand in real estate market 13 Cobweb theories 13 Business cycle 14 Real estate cycle 15 Investment strategies 16 Return on investment 17 STEPS in the investment decision process 17 Bibliography 33 Appendix 36 Interviews: 36 The four Sub-market: 43 The user market 43 The Financial Assets market: 44 The Development Market 45 The Land Market 45 The cobweb theory 46 Background In today’s economic context, it is becoming more and more difficult to understand financial trends and currency fluctuations. It was just a few years ago for instance that the Euro was seen has a powerful currency soon to overtake the dollar. Nowadays, economists are anticipating the collapse of this currency and the

Positive And Negative Impacts Of Tourism Tourism Essay

Positive And Negative Impacts Of Tourism Tourism Essay GENERAL INTRODUCTION PROS AND CONS There are both positive and negative effects resulting from tourism.Positively it creates employment and economically enables the conservation of valuable space;restrains a migratory tendency within the home population improving their socio-cultural education.It encourages support of local commercialisation resulting in the free interchange of ideas,customs and sensitization of issues concerning the eco-environment.The reduction of working hours,the ever present threat of unemployment because of technological advancement and the globalisation process enables the tourism industry to provide an interesting and stimulating intensive alternative. Just as significant are the effects of the rising cost of natural resources,water,energy.The spoiling of landscapes with land reclamation;rising levels of waste disposal;alterations to ecosystems;the extinction of rare species of animals and plants;the loss of traditional values and rising levels of prostitution,that is sex tourism.There is the narcotics trade,forest fires,together with the rising cost of housing. There are rising levels of carbon dioxide and other contaminating gases from increasing frequencies of airflights with ozone erosion and acid rain.All kinds of ecosystems are becoming affected.Thailand is littered with golf courses that consume large amounts of pesticides and water.There is hardly anywhere in the world not affected by tourism impact .Tourism is an aspect of globalisation most sensitive to any repercussion.In the eastern region of Spain for example,Benidorm has a great concentration of hotels,accommodating nearly half a million tourists in August within an area of little more than 12 kilometres.There is also a large proportion of the population of many countries who do not participate in tourist flows but who nevertheless will become part of such flows with the emergence of new markets in Latin-America and Asia. NEGATIVE IMPACT AND DIVERSIFICATION There is no one clearly acknowledged method of analysing the impacts of tourism and there are a number of different criteria for its measurement.Most studies are able to display the benefits generated and contributive to the balance of payments and deployed income supplied by the government.Yet few have included the analysis of negative effects.Negative economic impact has an effect on the local scale with destinations suffering economically when dependent on tourism.Diversification if applied to the local economy is able to positively reverse such consequences with the development of tourist goods and services replacing the previous gains from traditional activities.Yet there is fragility, with instability ever present due to alteration of tourist routes,ineffective publicity,and influence from ever changing tourist fashions in response to seasonal variation of production.An inflationary spiral frequently develops.This inflationary aspect is sublimative with prices and taxes affecti ng the local population.It has no regard for anything existant before and it becomes patently obvious in the escalation of food prices and that of goods etc.Those who are directly involved in the industry experience improved benefit but not the local population. There occurs disruption of traditional productive sectors of capital destinations within areas of tourist development.Foreign capital is not limited to a local effect as it leaves the receiving country thereby contributing to a loss of currency.Some authorities assert that for the long term,low potential productivity from a tourist company has a depressive effect on local economic growth. Possible inflation may occur from tourist activity,the purchasing potential being greater than that of the resident population therefore leading to escalating prices for food and services.There is loss of potential economic benefits with a high dependency on foreign capital.resulting in distortion of the local economy.Concentration of econo mic activity becomes channeled into one type of activity,with a resultant fluctuating impact upon the level of employment. FURTHER FACTORS It appears that tourism development within a country relates to an assumption of economic gain.Only tourism management with its application of various methods and principals can determine whether any economical gain will outweight the cost factor.There are staffing costs,overheads and utilities to take into account.The decision to reduce costs to a minimum might involve improved staffing rotas,and energy saving programmes. FURTHER POSITIVES There can be a number of positive impacts of tourism such as contributing towards a favourable balance of payments,facilitated competition with foreign banking,provision of input to the GNP(Gross National Product) and the spending multiplier.Also there are job creation opportunities and increased revenues for the government from direct taxation.There are negative impacts including costs for infrastructure development;and the over-dependence of the destination on tourists;also the aspect of low skilled work. It seems clear there is a simple principle involved here, namely that of minimising costs and maximising profits.High leakage is most likely to occur with multi national enterprises,where there is the need to promote tourism.In order to do so there has to be importation of food and beverages and capital technology accompanied by repatriation of staff. A capital outflow occurs as a result of capital investment for infrastructure from the host government. It may be argued that with restriction/control of such multi national enterprises there will be reduced capital outflow,reduced repatriation,together with switching on of a multiplier effect stimulating more spending by the tourists in the local economy.Again debatable,there is the hiring of as many local residents as possible for staff,ensuring proper salary levels with provision of training to support promotion opportunities.With the resulting reduction of staff repatriation there will occur an increase in the levels of local staff remuneration and immediately contributing to a multiplier effect with the possibility of enhancing the destinations socio-cultural aspect.Economic choice should be accompanied by preferential influence and guidance With the diminishment of seasonality there is a need for professional marketing expertise at destinations to increase the average length of stay,the daily expenditure per head .Yet very searching evaluation is required here for such actions, while producing economic be nefits which may in fact harm the environmental,socio-cultural aspects of the destination causing indirect costs. POSITIVE SOCIAL IMPACTS Social impacts again consist of both positive and negative effects.Positively there is the recovery and conservation of cultural values that but for the visiting tourists would have disappeared.Funds as a result are made available for preservation of artefacts and restoration of forgotten historical monuments.Local communities would be unable to provide such resources.Various tactics are applied in such privileged places of tourist interest.Many local customs have been revitalized and tourist resources are being made available for the reappearance of folklore,festivals,craft pursuits and gastronomy.There has occurred marked improvement in facilities and services such as sanitary,modes of transport,parks etc. NEGATIVE SOCIAL IMPACTS Nevertheless again negative impacts exist.The immediate negative factor is that of the social disparities between the indigenous population and that of the visitors.For some destinations essentially those to be found in the underprivileged countries there is a kind of imperialistic relationship with the inhabitants becoming servants of the tourists.Inevitably there arises social tension and resentment.A new kind of colonialism appears with dependency upon the foreign currency.Outside workers with better qualifications obtain the contracts.With such clear indications of the socio-economic differences the negative impact takes effect.Gaming,increasing prostitution and drugs make their appearance where previously they had not existed.Tourist arrivals are therefore linked to such manifestations.Loss of culturization occurs as a result of such negative impacts.The local population observes the tourists and then seeks to adapt to their customs paving the way for the destruction and disappe arance of the very thing that the tourists originally arrived for. DOXEYS IRRIDEX MODEL The socio-cultural effect therefore becomes measurable with reference to the crime rate .A management method used to measure the level of socio-cultural impact is Doxeys Irridex Model.The model has a four stage process wherein there are diminishing returns in the local inhabitants attitude towards the visitors.Firstly there is the exploration stage where contact between both parties is of frequent occurrence and here the attitude is referred to as euphoria.There is a welcoming of contact with the outside world and there is the possibility of supplementing the household income as a result of such inflow.With increasing tourist arrivals there occurs diminishing contact with the early arrivals.The tourists become part of everyday business concerns that transforms the initial attitude into one that seeks contact and liaison for personal gain.Those residents of such a destination develop an apathetic attitude to such matters. A further development of the model presents annoyance.The significant inflow of tourism disrupts everyday life with developing queues experienced in the local shops,traffic jams.Local business accommodates to souvenir promotion emanating a sense of alienation to the local population.A subtle inbalance is occurring subconsciously activating antagonism towards the tourists.There is a loss of control within the community because they have now become dependent upon such tourist inflows.Destination facilities as a result of increasing volume deteriorate and contribute to the attraction of a down-market visitor.The tourists now become the focus of blame for such developments.The increasing deterioration in attitude becomes a mirror of reflection and comparison of the effect of such tourism influx. TOURISM AND DAMAGE TO THE ENVIRONMENT The tourism impact to the environment is the most negative aspect.Wholesale damage has been caused to large areas that will be very difficult indeed to reclaim.Tourism,tourist activity as a phenomenon of mass flows requires substantial infrastructure supported by intricate service networks.Careful planning has not always been applied with a resulting deterioration of the natural and social environments.There has been a transformation of infected zones with the destruction of ecosystems;diminution in the quality and quantity of water;soil contamination;the extinction of many species of fauna;severe infection of flora,fishing depletion and the contamination of the sea. Destruction of ecosystems arises with a massive presence of visitors.Originally the mass influx promised a get-rich-quick attitude.Those destinations with an image of a tourist paradise have become victims to ecosystem destruction.Natural clean water has been severly affected and reduced with tourist arrivals.In many instances the amount of tourists arriving has been unsustainable to local resources.The many many golf courses and residential swimming pools all affect agricultural development and the zonal ecological balance. Soil contamination arises in many instances with substances derived from human activity that alter the chemical environment and reduces crop yield. Many species of fauna are becoming extinct;tree populations are becoming severely depleted;there is unregulated city-planning,and uncontrolled hunting presenting an overwhelming danger to an increasing number of species.The mighty oceans yield of fish is becoming seriously affected.Population along the coasts has mushroomed together with second residences.To prevent an ecological disaster careful and superior planning is necessary;beyond local expertise.An overwhelming presence in the natural zones is affecting/impacting the flora in the same way.The presence of tourists in natural zones with a deluge of sporting activity such as motorbikes,mountain bikes,all land vehicles causes severe erosion of surface land inevitably affecting the flora. PROSPECTIVE SOLUTIONS Are there solutions to such problems? Or is tourism an impact generator advancing to disaster? A global entity that is attaching attention to such problems and attempting to fulfil objectives for a sustainable tourism is the European Union.The EU with its agenda 21 has invited the local administrations to act.It recommends the following:Promotion of local production,offering ecological foods of the region containing no additives.Reduction of waste garbage and separation of the various categories for possible recycling.Usage of various technologies to save water.Purification of residual waters for irrigation and agriculture.The saving of energy with efficient washing machines,heat insulation.Respecting the environment and landscape.Promotion of public transport and bicycling.Establishment of pedestrian zones in areas of historic value.The promotion of local tourism and the support to reduce air schedules of the flight industry thereby reducing carbon emissions.Planning to facilitate contact between the visiting tourists and the local inhabitants but to deter the formation of an y tourism ghettos.Planning to benefit all the local population. MAXIMIZE AND MINIMIZE All the factors noted above seem to suggest that the main aims concerning tourism management strategy are to maximise economic,environmental and socio-cultural benefits but to minimise associated costs. The physical and cultural environments comprise the essential attractions for the visiting tourist to the destination.It is the responsibility of tourism management to minimize environmental damage so ensuring future business.There are a number of methods that may be applied to diminish environmental impacts.Energy saving measures eg light bulbs,toilet flushes,cleaning detergents that are environmentally friendly.The limiting of visas thereby reducing immediately the number of visitors.Educational programmes of awareness both for the visiting tourists and the locals.An increase in profit may result with the reduction of costs,applied to utilities. Even if the limitation of visas does significantly affect profit it may be considered a better option so that there is still existent the possibility of future gains with the preservation of the destinations natural resources that are there to attract the tourists in the first place. TO CONCLUDE;;one of the main ingredients for success of environmental policies is government involvement itself.Again it may be arguable there should be laws on land usage and the extent of building construction for the destination with the necessary infrastructure being installed to meet anticipated volume of tourist flow together with protection of natural heritages. Tourism management methods applied to assist in maximizing positives and minimising negatives of impact for the socio-culture consist of educating about tourism;promotion of cross-cultural exchange;imposition of visitor codes;ensuring that locals have access to cultural facilities;preservation of local architecture;maintenance of authenticity;providing for the more sensitive cultural tourist with appropriate marketing;limitation of tourist numbers. One principal that has gained attention is the carrying capacity assessment.It may be used to control and implement frontline sustainable tourism.There is a variety of applications such as the determination of a tourism development limit for a particular place and the limitation of actual visitor numbers. Hopefully it attempts to achieve sustainable tourism development as a working reality.It has not met with the anticipated success because of unrealistic expectations,faulty assumptions and misplaced value judgment with an inadequate legal support system. It perhaps has become clear to the reader that tourism management should not function alone in these matters,but work together with local government and public bodies.Legal implementation is a central issue because if there is to be a restriction of visas for example there has to be assistance from such a quarter.Success breeds success and so tourism management and government will hum the same tune. The methods referred to above all have the same principal;that of protection for the host destination rather than a focus upon tourism demand.Obviously the demand has to be considered but it is the design of the tourist product that should be the main focus.Application of such principals referred to in the foregoing discussion will hopefully result in sustainable tourism for the future.

Mark Twain not Racist the Adventures of Huckleberry Fin :: essays research papers

There is many racial elements in, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, a story that has caused much controversy over the years. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, was published two decades after the civil war was over, yet it is set in a time period before the civil war began so there is many examples of racism and slavery. Mark Twain believed that slavery, and owning slaves was acceptable, but he was not a racist. Mark Twain was for slavery because he grew up in a time period where it was okay to have slaves and it even boosted your social status, to own slaves. â€Å"He cared just as much for his people as white folks does for their’n. It don’t seem natural...†(155). Mark Twain thought that black people were on a lower level of social status than white people, and that they did not care for their families as much as white people did. â€Å"And then think of me! It would get all around that Huck Finn helped a nigger to get his freedom, and if I was ever to seen anybody from that town again I’d be ready to get down and lick his boots for shame†(212). In the 1860's it was considered immoral and a sin to help a slave into freedom. Mark Twain’s character, Huckleberry Finn, is ashamed that he helped the slave Jim to escape, yet he is good to Jim, so there is a bit of conflicting interests in Huck’s and Jim’s relationship. Mark Twain was not a racist because he did not portray Huckleberry Finn as one in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. â€Å"People would call me a low-down abolitionist and despise me for keeping mum, but that don’t make no difference†(43). Huck new it was wrong to help Jim escape, but that was his friend and he did not care was the other people thought. â€Å"All right, then, I’ll go to hell†(214). Huck decides that he doesn’t want to give up Jim’s locations so he decides to rip up the letter that he was going to send to Jim’s owner Miss Watson, even if it meant that he would go to hell for committing what he believed was a sin. â€Å"I saved him by telling the men we had smallpox aboard, and he was so grateful, and said I was the best friend old Jim ever had in the world, and the only one he’s got now†(214).

IPO of Hertz Essay

1. Why are the private equity sponsors pursuing an IPO of Hertz at this time – that is, what is the purpose of the IPO? The sponsors wanted cash in order fund another special dividend. They felt that even though they had only owned the company for short time, they were in the perfect position to sell it. There are several reasons why 2006 was an opportune time for the IPO of Hertz. The market was on the rise with the S&P up over 10% on the year. The IPO market itself was incredibly strong, outperforming 2005 by November. As the case states â€Å"198 IPOs had price raisings approximately $41 billion. The pricing of IPOS also seemed solid. Of the 198 deals, the average first-day return (not annualized) was 8.8%. After four weeks, nearly 60% were trading above their offer prices†. Hertz was also recognized as one the top car rental brands in the world, it’s branding was dominant throughout North America, which in turn, gave it premium pricing power. At the time, Her tz also had the opportunity to expand in both the non-airport and equipment rental markets, which also has higher margins than general car rentals. 2. What are the differences between conventional IPOs and IPOs that arise from leveraged buyouts? First of all, it appears that private equity-led IPOs (RLBOs) are more successful than their non-buyout-backed counter parts. According to the case â€Å"a study which examined nearly 500 private equity-led IPOs from 1980 to 2002. For example, relative to $1 invested in the S&P, investors in RLBOs earned $1.05 on average over 36 months following the IPO compared to $0.81 in non-buyout-backed IPOs.† Sponsors also take it upon themselves to use debt in order to issue a special dividend and pay themselves for their work. This action typically raises concerns whether the sponsors are invested in the company over the long term. However, private equity firms claim that one of their advantages is their long-term perspective, a study by Moody’s involving 222 buyouts determined that this was not the case and that Special dividends resulted in a credit downgrade almost half of the ti me. 3. Should the sponsors have taken on additional debt and paid themselves a dividend from Hertz? No, the sponsors should not have taken on additional debt and paid themselves a dividend from Hertz. This pre-IPO action implemented by the sponsors shed negative light on themselves and the company as a whole. It portrayed entitlements of greed while hurting Hertz well established market reputation, it discouraged investors from potentially investing in the company, as well as throwing a  negative persona over the future outlook for Hertz. The dividend payment also caused a media uproar with more negative externalities being portrayed against the sponsors, as they were seen as money hungry investors with no true intention of expanding the value of Hertz. They were viewed as just wanting to receive their money and exit the company. Their actions were seen as selfish by the public and their peers, which was reflective by the demand for Hertz shares decreasing, along with the range of the IPO value falling from a stronger near $18 dollar range to a substantial decrease at around $15. The dividend payment provided doubt on the sponsors in how it was seemingly impossible to achieve value creation as well as significant management improvements in such a short time period, overall hurting the value of the company. 4. What are the pros and cons of public shareholders should consider when investing in sponsor-backed IPOs? This question boils down to the differences between investing in a sponsor backed IPO and investing in a non-sponsor backed IPO. During the time of this deal, the Great Recession was nearing its start, so the market took a big hit with that being said. Both sponsor and non-sponsor backed IPOs underwent price declines in their share-price valuation during this time, which should be viewed as a negative when considering investing in sponsor backed IPOs. To build on that with something that can be viewed as a positive, is that sponsor backed IPOs fell at a lesser rate than non-sponsor backed IPOs, decreasing at roughly 9% and 12% respectively. Another positive of sponsor backed IPOs is that they tend to generate greater post IPO price appreciation than that of non-sponsor backed IPOs. All in all, PE sponsors, â€Å"create value from being able to invest and operate with a longer-term perspective than public companies.† This long term perspective leads sponsors to make tougher decisions in terms of operations and debt, as well as being able to, â€Å"hold managers more accountable for higher levels of performance than public companies.† The quick exit tactic often used by PE sponsors does however bring to debate whether these sponsors are, â€Å"in it for the long haul or only for themselves.† 5. At the $15 offer price, does the Hertz IPO represent a good investment opportunity for Berg? Would you invest in the Hertz IPO? After conducting our analysis of the value of Hertz, we believe that offer price of $15 is still too low. We believe the share price to be about $12.69. Therefore, Hertz would not be a good  investment opportunity for Berg and I personally would not invest in the company either. 6. The sponsors invested $2.3 billion in equity (divided equally among them) to finance the $15 billion buyout of Hertz in December 2005. If the Hertz IPO is completed at the $15 offer price and the overallotment option (Greenshoe) is exercised, what is your estimate of the gross returns to the sponsors will earn on their $2.3 billion investment in Hertz (i.e. ignoring carried interest or management fees on the funds)?

Constitutional Law Essay

Constitutional Law May be deemed elusive and immaterial when the constitutions in Consideration are either dead, hogwash and unrealistic. Critically analyze the above statement using relevant case law and statutory provisions. In looking at the above statement, I will attempt to define constitution, Constitution Law and constitutionalism and try to look into how the governments of the world especially Africa and the West, more specifically Kenya and the United states of America have tried to uphold constitutionalism and on the other hand how lack of it has brought the disregard of the constitutions by in most cases, the ruling elites and hence the statement† Constitutional Law May be deemed elusive and immaterial when the constitutions in Consideration are either dead, hogwash and unrealistic†. A constitution is a set of laws either written or unwritten that govern the relationship between the different organs of a government that is the Executive, Judiciary and the Legislature and the relationship between the government and the governed in a given state or country. This is the supreme law of any given state. Constitutional Law is that branch of law that governs and guides constitutional interpretation and implementation as well as sets down the relationship between different entities of a state namely the executive, the legislature and the judiciary. It is essentially a body of law derived from a country’s written constitution that lays down and guides the duties and powers of the government, and the duties and rights of its citizens and residents. All States can be said to have some form of norm that governs the relationship between the arms of the government and a government and its people, however the problem comes in in implementation of the said norms.

Free Essays on City Of Glass

Who’s Talking? In Paul Auster’s modern novel, City of Glass, an unlimited narrator is used to allow the reader to draw their own conclusions or ideas about what is truly going on in the story. The â€Å"all-knowing† narrator is almost similar to a God, knowing things that a single person could not possibly know. They know thoughts, ideas and personal information of several different characters. Auster leaves many details open about the story and forces readers to incorporate their own thoughts into the novel. City of Glass can be compared to an abstract work of art in which the â€Å"idea† is in the eye of the beholder. Two different people can read this novel and come up with two different ideas as to what happened in the end. Auster’s use of an unlimited narrator effectively involves the reader and prevents readers from just simply coming to the end to have it all explained, leaving no options to use their imagination and analysis. The unlimited narrator speaks as several different characters interchangeably throughout the book. First, the introduction is spoken directly to the reader, almost a one-on-one between reader and author. Auster writes, â€Å" The question is the story itself, and whether or not it means something is not for the story to tell.† Immediately we are give a personal introduction of the future events. The ending, â€Å"†¦it is not for the story to tell.†, indicates that the audience is the one to tell or the one to decipher the actual happenings in the plot and they are in fact involved with â€Å"the story itself†. Another role that is taken on by the narrator is introduced as Daniel Quinn. A significant amount of the book is described from his point of view. The narrator brings us through his daily routines, from following around Stillman, to using the bathroom. He uses extreme detail on his activities. Another role taken on by the narrator is of the mys terious man who recently returns from ... Free Essays on City Of Glass Free Essays on City Of Glass Who’s Talking? In Paul Auster’s modern novel, City of Glass, an unlimited narrator is used to allow the reader to draw their own conclusions or ideas about what is truly going on in the story. The â€Å"all-knowing† narrator is almost similar to a God, knowing things that a single person could not possibly know. They know thoughts, ideas and personal information of several different characters. Auster leaves many details open about the story and forces readers to incorporate their own thoughts into the novel. City of Glass can be compared to an abstract work of art in which the â€Å"idea† is in the eye of the beholder. Two different people can read this novel and come up with two different ideas as to what happened in the end. Auster’s use of an unlimited narrator effectively involves the reader and prevents readers from just simply coming to the end to have it all explained, leaving no options to use their imagination and analysis. The unlimited narrator speaks as several different characters interchangeably throughout the book. First, the introduction is spoken directly to the reader, almost a one-on-one between reader and author. Auster writes, â€Å" The question is the story itself, and whether or not it means something is not for the story to tell.† Immediately we are give a personal introduction of the future events. The ending, â€Å"†¦it is not for the story to tell.†, indicates that the audience is the one to tell or the one to decipher the actual happenings in the plot and they are in fact involved with â€Å"the story itself†. Another role that is taken on by the narrator is introduced as Daniel Quinn. A significant amount of the book is described from his point of view. The narrator brings us through his daily routines, from following around Stillman, to using the bathroom. He uses extreme detail on his activities. Another role taken on by the narrator is of the mys terious man who recently returns from ...

Free Essays on Humor

Hi friends, my topic of speech is Humor. Bible says â€Å" merry heart doeth like a good medicine.† That means joyous and cheerful heart works as good as a medication. I got this article called â€Å" But seriously folks humor can keep you healthy† from Readers digest. What is humor? Humor is a message whose creativity, verbal skill and absurdity has the power to bring laughter. In my speech I am going to talk about physical health benefits, mental health benefits and work related benefits of humor. My main motive of speech is to make you aware about the benefits of humor Physical health benefits: - Laughter helps the body to produce new immune cells faster. An enhanced immune system helps one resist many sicknesses, including flu, cold, and even cancer. Brain releases body’s natural painkillers – endorphins when one laughs. People exposed to humorous experiences have increased ability to deal with pain. Laughter is a cardiac exercise and helps in muscle relaxation. A longtime editor of The Saturday Review, Cousins suffered from a painful arthritic disease called ankylosing spondylitis. Cousins ditched his drugs and started taking larger doses of humor. He had a movie projector moved into his hospital room, where he would watch candid camera and Marx Brothers films. A nurse read him humor books. He says, â€Å" I made the joyous discovery that ten minutes of genuine belly laughter had an anesthetic effect and would give me at least 2 hours of pain-free sleep.† Mental health benefits: - Laughter, like crying, is a form of catharsis. It provides means for one to relieve feelings of stress and anxiety. Laughter can help one to look at a situation from a new angle. People with a good sense of humor tend to be less stressed-out, anxious, and depressed. It creates more positive and optimistic mood by increasing aliveness and joy. It also helps in reducing anger. One of the examples of mental health benefit of humor that I can give yo... Free Essays on Humor Free Essays on Humor Hi friends, my topic of speech is Humor. Bible says â€Å" merry heart doeth like a good medicine.† That means joyous and cheerful heart works as good as a medication. I got this article called â€Å" But seriously folks humor can keep you healthy† from Readers digest. What is humor? Humor is a message whose creativity, verbal skill and absurdity has the power to bring laughter. In my speech I am going to talk about physical health benefits, mental health benefits and work related benefits of humor. My main motive of speech is to make you aware about the benefits of humor Physical health benefits: - Laughter helps the body to produce new immune cells faster. An enhanced immune system helps one resist many sicknesses, including flu, cold, and even cancer. Brain releases body’s natural painkillers – endorphins when one laughs. People exposed to humorous experiences have increased ability to deal with pain. Laughter is a cardiac exercise and helps in muscle relaxation. A longtime editor of The Saturday Review, Cousins suffered from a painful arthritic disease called ankylosing spondylitis. Cousins ditched his drugs and started taking larger doses of humor. He had a movie projector moved into his hospital room, where he would watch candid camera and Marx Brothers films. A nurse read him humor books. He says, â€Å" I made the joyous discovery that ten minutes of genuine belly laughter had an anesthetic effect and would give me at least 2 hours of pain-free sleep.† Mental health benefits: - Laughter, like crying, is a form of catharsis. It provides means for one to relieve feelings of stress and anxiety. Laughter can help one to look at a situation from a new angle. People with a good sense of humor tend to be less stressed-out, anxious, and depressed. It creates more positive and optimistic mood by increasing aliveness and joy. It also helps in reducing anger. One of the examples of mental health benefit of humor that I can give yo...

Anabolic Steroids - Performance Enhancing Drugs

Anabolic Steroids - Performance Enhancing Drugs Anabolic steroids are a class of steroid hormones based on the androgen testosterone. Anabolic steroids are also known as anabolic-androgenic steroids or AAS or performance-enhancing drugs. What Do Anabolic Steroids Do? Anabolic steroids increase the rate of protein synthesis within cells. The building of cellular tissue (anabolism) is especially noticeable in muscles. Anabolic steroids also have androgenic and virilizing effects. They influence masculine characteristics such as the growth of the vocal cords and body hair. How Are Anabolic Steroids Used as Drugs? Anabolic steroids have been attractive to athletes and bodybuilders because they increase the size and strength of muscles. They also increase aggressiveness and competitiveness, which can be desirable traits in sports. Anabolic steroids may be prescribed to promote appetite, stimulate bone growth, induce male puberty, to lessen the effects of muscle wasting from chronic diseases, such as cancer or AIDS, and may show promise as a male contraceptive. The drugs are available as oral pills, injectable steroids, and skin patches. How Do Anabolic Steroids Work? Anabolic steroids change muscle mass and strength by two processes. First, the steroids lead to an increased production of proteins, which are the building blocks of muscle. The steroids also block the effect of the hormone cortisol on muscle tissue, so that existing muscle is broken down at a slower rate. Additionally, anabolic steroids lead to cells differentiating into muscle more readily than fat. What Are the Risks of Using Anabolic Steroids? In addition to increasing muscle strength and mass, the effects of taking anabolic steroids include harmful changes in cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, acne, liver damage, and changes to the structure of the left ventricle of the heart. Anabolic steroids have an androgenic or virilizing effect, meaning they affect male characteristics. Anabolic steroids affect the onset of puberty, the growth of the clitoris in females and the penis in male children (does not affect the size of the penis in adults), increased the size of the vocal chords and deepening of the voice, increased body hair, and premature baldness in people predisposed to it. Another side effect is decreased fertility and testicular atrophy. Why Are Anabolic Steroids Dangerous for Teens? Many of the side effects of taking performance-enhancing drugs can be countered by combining them with other drugs and exercise and are somewhat reversible in adults. However, anabolic steroid use can have permanent negative consequences if used by adolescents. One side effect can be the early onset of puberty. More significantly, the drugs can stunt growth by prematurely stopping the lengthening of the bones.

Key issues involved in the primary school teaching and learning of Essay

Key issues involved in the primary school teaching and learning of spelling - Essay Example The inevitable global finance, culture, shifts of new information in industry and extreme transport speed has transformed many things. For a century, education has stayed put and met the needs of its society as part of the change. Spelling is a linguistic bit of practice issuing control, authority and conformity with sharp focus. It represents resources used to make meaning. System in spelling seems to be a subject of constraints convention, and yet one creating creativity in children (Torbe 34). Natural learning method is an instructional approach to spelling that arrests spelling development contrary to ineffective methods. Constrains of literacy usually result when there is spelling development is compromised. Acquiring spelling knowledge, for instance reinforces children’s morphemic, phonemic and orthographic knowledge (Phonics 56). Proficient spelling applies invented mnemonics helping to memorize irregular and difficult words such as ARITHMETIC – A Red Indian Thought He Might Eat Treacle In Church); patterns sharing in terms of language (for example, through songs, rhymes, poems and puns); checking of work and drafting and redrafting; a look remembrance write check system for learning individual words; encouraging handwriting, which is fluent, avoiding letter by letter spelling of words, for example, a child spells Keep as k-e-ep, instead of k-ee-p to stress phonic units (Gentry 93). Morphemes as a unit within words help children progress from meaning to structure. Etymology as a strategy advocates the teaching of origins, roots and word structure. Internalizing visual characteristic of words extensively makes one become a good speller in written language. For instance, experience teaches an individual that house is written through this sequence of letters. The high degree and rapid speed that a competent speller

Taking the position that increased vending machine regulation in Essay

Taking the position that increased vending machine regulation in public schools is a good idea - Essay Example One major problem regarding children’s health is the huge quantity of sugary and high calorie food that is available to them at school. Vending machines are not supervised so it is hard to stop children from eating or drinking as much of these types of food or drink as they want. And since children don’t know what is best for them, this can often be a lot. A number of recent studies have shown the negative role vending machines play in children’s health, and in this essay I will look at some of their arguments. Part of the reason why the issue of vending machines is on the radar these days is because obesity is becoming more and more of a problem in the United States. Obesity can lead to diseases like Type-2 Diabetes. According to Amy Virus, a registered dietitian, â€Å"[m]iddle schools students are at particular risk, because they are going through puberty, their physical activity and dietary habits are fluctuating . . .†1 It doesn’t help that there is temptation around every corner, with as many as 75 per cent of middle schools possessing vending machines which sell sugary drinks and fatty snacks. With all the emotion going on in their lives, it is not surprising that children going through puberty might reach out to enjoy some â€Å"comfort food.† Some might call them â€Å"comfort foods,† but others might call them â€Å"competitive foods,† as the U.S. Department of Agriculture does. These are â€Å"foods offered at school other than meals served through USDA school mean programs—school breakfast, school lunch, and after-school snack programs.†2 Because the USDA is responsible to parents and taxpayers, it is careful to provide healthy options for school meals. Plus, this food is being given out by employees and teachers. If a student comes back to the cafeteria for a fourth helping of food, the staff can easily say, â€Å"You’ve had enough to eat.† But those who stock vending machines aren’t responsible to anyone: they just want

Christina of Markyate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Christina of Markyate - Essay Example Christina was educated which also made her unusual for her time period. Through a unique biography written during her time, Christina has become immortal through literary history in the story of her life and of the many ways in which she fought to hold true to her virtue in order to serve God. The book, The Life of Christina of Markyate: A Twelfth Century Recluse is intended to provide readers an insight into the life of a prioress so that they can live by her example. It is believed that the surviving copy of the book was written near the middle of the fourteenth century, perhaps written at St Albans under the direction of John of Tynemouth for a series on the lives of saints that he was assembling. The original text is available which is written in one persons handwriting, although there are notes on the pages from others, and is said to be quite beautiful (Talbot 1). The manuscript, that came to belong to Sir Robert Cotton and was within the Cottonian collection, was damaged durin g the fire of 1731. However, only the first page and the last page seemed to have sustained any significant damage (Talbot 3). The only things that are known of the one who wrote the biography is that he was a monk in the monastery of St. Albans. It is clear that the biography, in its original form, was written by someone who was close to Christina and who was very familiar with Geoffrey de Gorham, the wealthy abbot of St Albans who offered support to Christina. The writer refers to ‘our monastery’, thus creating the impression that the monastery where Christina made her place, St Albans, is also his monastery (Talbot 6). Through the personalized way in which he describes the lives of the characters in her life, it is probable that he knew them all. Christiana was born into an Anglo-Saxon noble family at the end of the 11th century. Her name was originally Theodora, but she changed her name to Christina. Her family was in danger, however, because of the French occupatio n of England and in this situation, the Anglo-Saxon nobility was almost powerless. Christina went with her family to St Alban to pray and the effect that the visit had on her was to turn her devotion to God. She swore her virginal state to God as a devotion to a life in his service. However, a man decided to marry her and asked her father for permission. Her biography suggests a great many ways in which her parents tried to trick her into losing her virginity to her future husband, but through her own tricks and prayer, she was able to keep sacred her virginity (Amt 139). Christina is portrayed as being very intelligent, an intelligence that is recognized by her parents. One of the aspects of Medieval life for women was in the commoditization of their lives. Women were essentially sold into marriage in exchange for whatever the parents of that woman needed, whether that be political considerations, money, or social prestige. Through Christina, her parents could find a match that wou ld benefit their lives. Talbot translates that her biography states â€Å"For if she remained chaste in love of Christ, they feared they would lose her, and all that they could hope to gain through her† (Talbot 69). As a woman, Christina was intended to be a product rather than a person, an object rather than the subject of her own life. In her refusal to her parents in front of the Fredebertus of the monastery, she states â€Å".

The UK Anti-Discrimination Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

The UK Anti-Discrimination Law - Research Paper Example The significance of protection of human rights in terms of equal rights to one and all and the treatment of all humans with dignity and respect has been recognized by the world community which has enacted several laws to prevent cases of discrimination and punish those who resort to such uncivilized behavior. These laws seek to ensure and propagate the idea that all humans irrespective of their race, sex, physical disabilities, and preferences be treated equally and with the same degree of respect and dignity enjoyed by their fellow beings. Such opinions have also been voiced by the United Nations in their Charter which states that â€Å"Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or another opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or another status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty†2. Discrimination is divided into four distinct categories which include discrimination on the basis of age, sex, race, disability etc and is further categorized as direct discrimination, indirect discrimination, harassment, and victimization. The definition and scope of each of the term are discussed hereunder: This form of discrimination is one of the most common and widely experienced forms of discrimination.

Labor Relations and Collective Bargaining an Overview Research Paper

Labor Relations and Collective Bargaining an Overview - Research Paper Example Reference is also made to collective bargaining as an important aspect of labor relations. Moreover, the cost of labor contracts is analyzed, as possible, as this cost is differentiated across industries and enterprises. The examination and the analysis of the above elements of labor relations leads to the following assumption: labor relations are necessarily influenced by the local economy and social ethics, as this influence is reflected in the cost of labor contracts and the level of success of collective bargaining. From this point of view any effort for the improvement of labor relations would be based on the following criteria: close monitoring of the costs involved and cooperation with unions, as representatives of an important part of the local population. The form of labor relations worldwide is based on similar criteria: the need for employee safety, for trust in the workplace and for increased protection of employees’ compensation, including salary and potential benefits. For many decades, legislators in all countries have tried to develop a legal framework for ensuring the protection of rights of both employers and employees, as incorporated in labor relations. However, the enforcement of relevant laws has been often proved problematic, a fact that is reflected in the high number of legal texts emphasizing on the particular sector. Moreover, it should be noted that the intervention of legislators and judges in labor conflicts has not been always in favor of employees. In the study of Holley, Jennings, and Roger it is mentioned that ‘in 1884 a judge in the state of Tennessee wrote: all may dismiss their employees at will’ (Holley, Jennings, and Roger 522). In any case, the need for effective management of labor relations, in all their aspects, has been a priority for politicians, legislators and theorists. An example is the theory

Importance of Looking at Debt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Importance of Looking at Debt - Essay Example NPV = 41.22 Q3#: Internal Rate of Return: Through interpolation: 11.5 41.22 x 0 15 -1062.96 IRR = 13.55 Pay Back Period: Payback Period = Number of years of full recovery + remaining cashflow / total cash flow Payback Period = 4+ 7424.6/10680.22 = 4.69 Years Q#4: Each cash inflow/outflow is discounted back to its PV. Then they are summed. Therefore Where t = the time of the cash flow n = the total time of the project r = the discount rate Ct = the net cash flow (the amount of cash) at time t. C0 = the capital outlay at the beginning of the investment time ( t = 0 ) What NPV tells With a particular project, if Ct is a positive value, the project is in the status of cash inflow in the time of t. If Ct is a negative value, the project is in the status of cash outflow in the time of t. Appropriately risked projects with a positive NPV should be accepted. This does not necessarily mean that they should be undertaken since NPV at the cost of capital may not account for opportunity cost, i.e. comparison with other available investments. In financial theory, if there is a choice between two mutually exclusive alternatives, the one yielding the higher NPV should be selected. The following sums up the NPV's various situations. NPV > 0 the investment would add value to the firm the project should be accepted NPV NPV = 0 the investment would neither gain nor lose value for the firm the project could be accepted because shareholders obtain required rate of return. This project adds no monetary value. Decision should be based on other criteria, e.g. strategic positioning or other factors not explicitly included in the calculation. The project of...The following sums up the NPV's various situations. NPV = 0 the investment would neither gain nor lose value for the firm the project could be accepted because shareholders obtain required rate of return. This project adds no monetary value. Decision should be based on other criteria, e.g. strategic positioning or other factors not explicitly included in the calculation. The project of this NPV is +ve and the IRR of this project, JPE should continue with the acquisition of Campbell. The IRR being greater than the cost of capital shows that the clearly shows that the project has a higher return than its cost. Therefore it should be accepted. There is no quick and easy way for investors to get a handle on a company's debt situation. But as a starting point, debt ratios offer a valuable method for assessing a company's fundamental health. Looked at in context and over time, debt ratios can offer valuable signals of deepening debt problems. Recognizing those situations can save investors a lot of money. While debt ratios tell investors little about a company's growth prospects or earning performance, these ratios are vital tools for gauging balance sheet durability. If, for instance, a recession or downward cyclical phase is on the way, balance sheet strength becomes more important for investors.

Labor Relations and Collective Bargaining an Overview Research Paper

Labor Relations and Collective Bargaining an Overview - Research Paper Example Reference is also made to collective bargaining as an important aspect of labor relations. Moreover, the cost of labor contracts is analyzed, as possible, as this cost is differentiated across industries and enterprises. The examination and the analysis of the above elements of labor relations leads to the following assumption: labor relations are necessarily influenced by the local economy and social ethics, as this influence is reflected in the cost of labor contracts and the level of success of collective bargaining. From this point of view any effort for the improvement of labor relations would be based on the following criteria: close monitoring of the costs involved and cooperation with unions, as representatives of an important part of the local population. The form of labor relations worldwide is based on similar criteria: the need for employee safety, for trust in the workplace and for increased protection of employees’ compensation, including salary and potential benefits. For many decades, legislators in all countries have tried to develop a legal framework for ensuring the protection of rights of both employers and employees, as incorporated in labor relations. However, the enforcement of relevant laws has been often proved problematic, a fact that is reflected in the high number of legal texts emphasizing on the particular sector. Moreover, it should be noted that the intervention of legislators and judges in labor conflicts has not been always in favor of employees. In the study of Holley, Jennings, and Roger it is mentioned that ‘in 1884 a judge in the state of Tennessee wrote: all may dismiss their employees at will’ (Holley, Jennings, and Roger 522). In any case, the need for effective management of labor relations, in all their aspects, has been a priority for politicians, legislators and theorists. An example is the theory

Successful lawlessness Essay Example for Free

Successful lawlessness Essay The League was virtually dead and, during the Japanese invasion of China in 1931, the League in reply to Chinese appeal performed its duty of saving the peace by merely passing resolution sympathizing in the Chinese cause. The League now became a passive onlooker of the aggression of Japan. The Aeschylus, the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia, and the outbreak of World War II following Hitler’s attack on Poland were events in the face of which the League acted as a helpless spectator. But when in 1939, Russia attacked Finland; the League of Nations suddenly became conscious about its duty as a champion of peace and expelled Russia from its membership with unusual and unnatural haste. The League maintained its existence till April 1946 when it voted its abolition in a meeting called at Geneva. Thus, there was an unbroken crescendo of successful lawlessness and the League had to remain as a helpless spectator.

Human Computer Interaction Assignment English Language Essay

Human Computer Interaction Assignment English Language Essay Technology has had a big impact on society, as it has made many drastic improvements to the way life in general has changed and improved so much. For instance, technology has improved usability of software and hardware in society. In addition specialised interfaces have helped people with disabilities enabling diversity to take place. Describe the impact of HCI on society, the economy and culture, providing 5 (five) examples of each topic. Society Touch screen phones, using phones is now easier because of the touch screens Input/output Game controllers, game controls allow you to play a game and connect with others by sending messages or attaching a microphone to it to talk Remote control, allows you to remotely control something without being right next to the thing you want to control Head up Display, would be good for drivers since they wont have to look away from the road to see how fast theyre going Economy Text readers, also known as text to speech Voice input, example telling a lamp to switch off and it switches off Thought input, wheel chair users will have the ability to control their wheel chair by just thinking about it Mobile communication, ability to call or text anyone world wide Reduced complexity of input, everything is simple and requires no more than 2-3 options of input Culture Games, allow people to connect with each other allowing one another to have an open mind and talk to different people with different opinions and thoughts Deskilling work, androids/robots will replace the easy things humans do, e.g. at tesco and a few other places you can serve yourself and self-checkout Mobile entertainment, youre now able to watch videos about different cultures with your mobile Laptops, ability to search the internet, interact with others, watch videos Domestic appliances, things like microwaves diswashers Task 2 (P2) Considering that the HCI design principles create a big impact on a users experience of a hardware and software product, explain the Schneiderman (eight rules) and Nielsens ten usability heuristics principles. Remember to explain perception, behaviour models and information processing. Schneiderman Strive for consistency: either it be the consistent same lay out or colours, or the identical terminology used in menus, prompts and help screens, if it is in a similar situation it should all be the same or somewhat similar. Enable frequent users to use shortcuts: A regular user of a device or a certain type of application should have the ability to have a shortcut to things they use the most; this would speed up the work flow. Offer informative feedback: When a user is interacting with their device or application, they should receive feedback that gives them a clear representation and is also understandable. Design dialog to yield closure: A users gets a good feeling when they know there is a flow to what ever theyre doing, that everything is in a chain, one thing has to happen in order for another. For example, sending a message on an application such as whatsapp first you need to add the contact, then the message its self, and then after youve sent the message it shows a D letting you know its been delivered. Offer simple error handling: If something goes wrong with a device, a simple type of hint should pop up to help the user with the problem that occurred. If a certain app crashes it should ask the user if theyd like a error report to be sent. Permit easy reversal of actions: In other words undo this is needed in a HCI because it would prevent any permanent mistakes. Support internal locus of control: a user should receive some what a type of display letting the user know that something is actually happening. Lets say a user attempts to open a app and the app is taking a few seconds to get ready and open up, the user would instinctually think the app didnt respond to his/her touch so he/she will attempt to reopen the app multiple times until the app malfunctions. Reduce short-term memory load: When a user is using a device they shouldnt be thinking about the amount of times theyll need to push a button or what not, it should be a simple click of a button, and with menus it shouldnt require a button push to go up or down it should be a simple scroll bar. Nielsens ten usability heuristics principles Visibility of System Status: The system should have a certain type of way to let the user know what is happening and with a good time. Match between system and the real world: The system should be able to speak the users language, with the correct words and the right concepts and with the right time, so it is communicating clearly with the user User control and freedom: Sometimes when youre using a device in a rush you tend to open random applications and then you have the ability to instantly abort the application, without having to go through the process of the extended dialogue. Consistency and standards: The system should always have continuity across the platform. Error prevention: The better the design is the one with the better error recovery, but also prevents users from making the same errors twice. Recognition rather than recall: The user shouldnt have to remember the information from dialogue to another, it should all be recognisable and visible to the user. Flexibility and efficiency of use: The system should have accelerators, which are unseen to the regular user but they allow the expert user to do things and navigate faster with more frequent actions. Aesthetic and minimalist design: Dialogues shouldnt contain information that is not needed in that specific area, you should always make sure your system is efficiently composed. Help users recognise, diagnose and recover from errors: Error messages and error prompt boxes should explain the problem in plain language without code, and should also precisely indicate whatever the problem may be and also give advice to the user on a solution. Help and documentation: Although a system is better without documentation, it might be necessary to provide the help and documentation, so that any such information should be easily searched for and found. It should also be focused on what the users task is and list the steps to be carried out. Task 3 (P3) McCann Phones a small and up and coming new mobile phone producer has decided to develop a new mobile phone interface for its next series of mobile phones to replace its highly successful first range. The developers have come up with three possible interfaces and they need to decide which one to use. It has been decided to carry out an investigation on the alternatives prior to production. You have the support of the software engineers and production manager so prototypes will be made available to you. As you are the resident usability evaluator it is your task to carry out any necessary survey work and to come up with proposal. Here are the three possible interfaces: The convention qwerty keyboard as used in most computer systems. An alphabetical keyboard (a, b, c, d, e,,z) A keyboard based on frequency of character us (e, t, a, o, n, rz) Design the input and output of your mobile prototype. Choose one of the suggested interfaces and explain why. F:Unit 23 HCITemplate of phone design.jpg Clicking either one of these buttons will open up a certain app/webpage, depending on the one you click, for instance if you click on the one with f will open up a Facebook app or webpage. Reason why Ive added this to my mobile prototype is because people now use these two to communicate with each other, with the button input being there, itll allow you to get in contact faster and easier considering all youd have to do is click a button. Task 4 (P4) The knob in the centre of this washing machine system controls the different fabric washing systems and the settings for rinse and spin. The control does not have a stop in either direction; in other words it continues to go all the way round to the next cycle. Create input and output for this machine which would be best for adjusting the cycle according to the fabric, temperature, speed and timer. You could draw a picture to help you explain the reasons. Provide two new ideas that are not available in the industry. img_0193.jpg Below is what my design would look like and I will be explaining the two things that Ive implemented into my design that havent been used in the industry. 2. Touch screen, everything you input will be touch done via the new sleek touch screen design. Child lock passcode, this will be programmed in a way that it will be child proof, for example if you want to lock your machine after it has started and keep every button locked, youll enter the child lock. It is designed in a way so that no matter what you push nothing will be happening but to deactivate the lock youll first have to enter the first 2 digits right, this will then enable you to see what youre inputting and then you enter the rest of your passlock to unlock the machine. G:Unit 23 HCITask 4 Design 1.png Task 5 (P5) Based on the case scenario before, explain how you would test your system according to its functionality. Comment on the usefulness of such system and point out any drawbacks. Testing the system child lock To test the system youll first have to enter a child lock pass lock and then attempt to push any of the touch screen buttons and see if anything happens, and nothing should happen if the system is correctly made. This will be useful considering little children love to stand beside the washing machine when its spinning and tend to push buttons, but with the child lock they wont be able to push any buttons. The downside to this system is that the password is 4 digits long and to have half access to the system youll have to correctly enter the first 2 digits otherwise youd just be pushing the keys and nothing would be happening, so the drawback would be if you forgot the passcode you would have to end up calling the company to come and reset your password. Testing the touch screen To test this youll have to push what you want, for example, cotton, with 50 degrees Celsius and then on high spin, if the system is working properly it would input the material first and then the temperature and then lastly the amount of spins it will be doing. The touch screen with the options is useful because its simple to use and you can adjust it to the way you want it and wont have to clock the washing machine knob to the way you want it, you just have to input the things you want with a touch of a button. The big drawback to having a touch screen is that if it is dented or broken it will be not be operating properly, it probably wont even be operating at all, so you wont be able to input anything. Task 6 (P6) Bionic vision was once the preserve of futuristic technology shows. However, those Tomorrows World days could soon be reality with a pair of glasses linked to a computer offering hope to thousands of visually impaired people in Britain. Current technology that can give profoundly visually impaired people a form of sight through a retinal implant is expensive and invasive, so developing an affordable, non-invasive alternative would be a welcome improvement. And this is exactly what scientists at the University of Oxford are working on. The technology works by having a tiny video camera mounted on to a pair of glasses, which relays information to a small computer in the users pocket. The computer recognises objects or people and relays the information to the lenses via tiny LED lights. (Light-emitting diode). People would see a bright light within the lenses themselves to indicate an object. The brightness of the light would then indicate how close, or how far away the object was and that may be enough for the wearer to navigate their way around. Using a computer to interpret the world on behalf of the wearer means we could use different coloured lights in the lenses to allow different types of information to be fed back to the wearer explains Dr. Stephen Hicks, research associate in the Department of Clinical Neurosciences at the University of Oxford. The advances in mobile phone and computer game technology, such as face recognition, tracking software and depth sensors enable the visually impaired to access a whole new host of possibilities. (Extract from Metro, September 19, 2001) Explain how you would design the device and document how you would consider the input, output, the quantitative measures and qualitative measures of effectiveness of your product. This would be designed on a pair of glasses with a lens that is 5cm thick, it would need to be sort of thick to fit in a pair of small LCD screen into each of the lens. The input and out put would work in a way with different bright colours, for example if the area is clear of objects and people it would be a black light with a blue light highlighting the walls so that the user of the glasses doesnt bump into the walls, and if the user is near people it would be a black light with green light highlighting approximately where the object or person is so that the user doesnt bump into them. If its dark at night instead of the backgrounds being black they would be white and objects, people and walls would be highlighted with purple. The glasses would also be implemented with a vibrator and a sound card to make beeping noises when someone gets close to an object within a close radius of 50 centre meters, and depending on how low/high the object is, it will make a beep vibrate, the user has the ability to switch one of these of. Each beep and vibrate will have a different meaning for example if a object is really close to the person and they can walk over it, it would simple beep twice and vibrate twice, just in case they didnt hear the beep. C:Usershijh0736Pictures48416_1 copy.jpg Ear piece attached to the glasses that goes into the users ear, it sends beeping signals depending on the diameter of how close they are to a object, they can get the settings changed from where they where given the product, just in case the beeping gets annoying or they want to change the frequency of the beeping. LCD screen projecting lights, black background, with green to represent a object. If the person that is vision impaired isnt impaired badly, then they can ask someone to change the settings of the screen so that the black background is taken away and it is just see through but it would still highlight objects as green. If the person that is vision impaired is badly impaired, no need to worry their is a ear piece that also helps, with beeping when coming in close contact to a object. Submission Date: Week commencing, 22nd October 2012 in class Failure to submit on time is a serious concern. Please read your Rules Regulations. Any request for EXTENSION needs to be made in writing to the subject lecturer and copy to Tutor. GUIDE LINES FOR COMPLETING THE ASSIGNMENT Please attach the complete cover sheet with your coursework. Make sure your read all of the tasks in this assignment before you start. Create your assignment in one Word document. Please write in your own words. Proof read and spell check your work. Reference your work by providing bibliography/source table on a separate sheet in the same document of all the books, websites, notes, etc. Ensure the assignment presentation is clear and that the tasks are identified with the appropriate task numbers and the grading criterion. Include your name in the header, unit no, title, appropriate file name and path, page numbers in the footer. Submit on time via Moodle (final submission). Save a copy of your work on the WKC server this is important and a requirement. Presentation of your Assignment The work will use correct paragraphing, formal grammar, tenses and spelling. The pages of the assignment will be consecutively numbered. The correct cover sheet must be submitted with your assignment. Assessment Policy BTEC Courses Students will be permitted to go through a draft with the lecturer during a workshop determined by the lecturer. If you do not attend this workshop, your draft will not be checked. They will then be expected to hand in the assignment on the due date and time as specified on the assessment brief and the AR1 (assessment plan). Late submissions are capped at a Pass unless you have extenuating circumstances and have explained these to the tutor prior to the submission date. You are entitled to one resubmission with the Pass criteria in the closed book assessment For the Merit and Distinction criteria, anybody who is unable to achieve on first submission will be require to sit a closed book assessment at the end of the semester. REFERENCING and BIBLIOGRAPHY The Harvard Referencing System will be used conventionally to identify all secondary research A conventional and complete Bibliography using the Harvard Referencing System will be included. Please note that you are NOT allowed to include any reference from the Wikipedia website your assessment may be adversely graded if Wikipedia features in the referencing or Bibliography. Please see the example below for how a Bibliography should be formatted: Example Bibliography Books Grbich, C. (2007). Qualitative Data Analysis: an introduction. London, Sage Publications Ltd. Hart, C. (2005). Doing your Masters Dissertation. London, Sage Publications Ltd. Journal Articles Abdullah, F. (2006). Measuring Service Quality in higher education: HEdPERF versus SERVPERF. Marketing Intelligence and Planning 24(1): 31-47. Bignold, D. (2006). Schooled and Tooled. Caterer Hotelkeeper 10th August 2006: 23-26.

suzuki 750 :: essays research papers

SUZUKI GSXR 750   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There it was the street machine. The Suzuki GSXR 750 staring back at me as I was in disbelief. Palms sweaty, jaw heavy as my mouth watered. The bike was immaculate and shining like a multi million dollar diamond ring. The lighting in the showroom brought out its true beauty. The GSXR is a superb machine that is bound to get noticed with 125 rear wheel horsepower and dry weight of 365 pounds. You couldn’t ask for anymore in a bike. It also has inline four cylinder dual over head cams and 16 valves pumping out 127 rear wheel horsepower. Pound for pound it was the best bike in the world with the most ruthlessly efficient balance of power. The sleek, aggressive Japanese engineering made the bike look ridiculous. The superman shaped headlight was one of a kind. Located on each side of the headlight were the flaring ram air nostrils making it look like a hungry bike. It has a color scheme of red, white, and blue and it looked like the American flag blowing in the wind. The only thing left was one last signature. All of the sudden the feeling of completion hit me like a sack of nickels and tunnel vision. Finally the transaction was done, all I had to do was to hop on and hang on tight. My adrenaline was pumping as I started the bike. The rumbling between my legs, I couldn’t take it anymore I had to go. A couple lefts and rights out of the parking lot and I was sitting at the intersection. Waiting for the light to turn green I was nervous and excited at the same time. I began to sweat, not because of the hot weather, but the pure fact that the beast was screaming for throttle. I hit the road and took it easy for a bit because this bike had the capability of taking my life. All my thoughts of death faded as a Mr. Ed smile ran across my face. I felt invincible as all my stress of reality and everyday life went away. It made me feel free with my mind going into overdrive with not a care in the world. I started getting comfortable so gradually giving the bike more gas. With half throttle I was already at 90 miles per hour. I hit a straight away and hammered on the gas.

Early History of South Africa: A Climatological Case Study Essay

Early History of South Africa: A Climatological Case Study The early history of Cape Town shares little with the experience of the rest of Africa. The patterns of colonization and the relationship between black Africans and nationalized Europeans are unique to the area. The timing and speed of settlement were possible only because of the local disease environment. The system of racial interaction, a system of Aparthide unique to the area, acted differently than other systems because of farming patterns dictated by the fertility of the land. The above are instances of the apparent adaptation of South African cultural development to its climate environment. They show the history and culture of the area are inseparable aspects of the climate in which they formed. Once the Portuguese had made the trip around the horn of Africa and had started to trade with the Indian Ocean world it was clear that a port capable of re-supplying and repairing the trading ships was necessary. Towns sprang to life up and down the West African coast, their numbers increasing as other European powers began to claim their share of the trade with India. In most of these towns, European mortality was horrendous. Even England, notorious for colonizing with Criminals, did not send its prisoners to the West African coast for long. Malaria and other African diseases killed them as effectively as a hangman’s noose. But there was one glaring anomaly: Cape Town. Here, Europeans could survive. The reason had everything to do with Climate. One of the biggest causes of European mortality was Malaria. A parasitic disease carried by mosquitoes, Malaria has a high mortality rate among first exposure victims. Even today, it is the fourth most common cause for c... ..., settlements remained small and ineffectual. The African natives were able to maintain their own lifestyles, and the Europeans were prevented from expanding. This was not the case in South Africa, where insufficient rainfall forced the population to spread out and interact with the natives to such an extent as to alter their language. The divisions this interaction created were not easily thrown aside, and have persisted to modern times. Without the knowledge of the climate of the area, there would be no explanation for the unique nature of South African culture. Climate dictated the development of this culture. Works Cited: 1 http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/facts.htm 2 http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/distribution_epi/distribution.htm 3 http://cybercapetown.com/CapeTown/climate.php 4 http://www.wunderground.com/NORMS/DisplayIntlNORMS.asp?CityCode=68816&Units=both

Metafiction and Happy Endings (Margaret Atwood) Essay

Metafiction A. Definition: The narrator of a metafictional work will call attention to the writing process itself. The reader is never to forget that what she is reading is constructed–not natural, not â€Å"real.† She is never to get â€Å"lost† in the story. B. Possible Contents: intruding to comment on writing involving his or herself with fictional characters directly addressing the reader openly questioning how narrative assumptions and conventions transform and filter reality, trying to ultimately prove that no singular truths or meanings exist C. General Characteristics Metafiction often employs intertextual references and allusions by: examining fictional systems; incorporating aspects of both theory and criticism; creating biographies of imaginary writers; presenting and discussing fictional works of an imaginary character. Authors of metafiction often violate narrative levels by: intruding to comment on writing; involving his or herself with fictional characters; directly addressing the reader; openly questioning how narrative assumptions and conventions transform and filter reality, trying to ultimately prove that no singular truths or meanings exist Metafiction also uses unconventional and experimental techniques by: rejecting conventional plot; refusing to attempt to become â€Å"real life†; subverting conventions to transform reality into a highly suspect concept; flaunting and exaggerating foundations of their instability; displaying reflexivity (the dimension present in all literary texts and also central to all literary analysis, a function which enables the reader to understand the processes by which he or she reads the world as a text). It also poses questions about the relationship between fiction and reality by drawing  attention to its characteristic as an artifact by itself. No sense of reality in its entire spectrum as a genre even though the extremes of each end are minute acceptance and merely exploration of fictionality to the other end being utter denial of reality itself. D. Examples: Adams, Douglas. The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy. 1979. Mitchell, David. Cloud Atlas. 2004. HAPPY ENDINGS A. Characters: The author uses common names for the characters which allows him the versatility of putting them into different situations. Doing so supports the way the author puts much importance on what happens during the story instead of how it ends. John one of the most common boy names, has ranged from musicians (John Lennon), to leaders (John F Kennedy), to philosophers (John Locke) etc. This can emphasize the author’s use of putting the character into different contexts, changing the plot and how he plays different roles, yet emphasizes that it all ends the same (death). -Idea that the ending of a story is always the same, but only the middle matters In the story he is a loving husband, adulterous partner, womanizer Mary meaning of the name Mary is: Wished-for child; rebellion; bitter. Famous Bearers: the Virgin Mary; Mary Magdalene; Mary, Queen of Scots. Also shows how the author putes his characters in different situations. James -minor character Fred – minor character Madge – minor character B. Setting: The author employs the use of place as setting in the story. Various examples of setting seen in the story are an apartment, as seen in story B, and a â€Å"charming house,† as seen in story A, C and As seen in the line, â€Å"Remember, this is Canada. You’ll still end up with A, though in between you may get a lustful brawling saga of passionate involvement, a chronicle of our times, sort of,† the setting of the story and each of its segments is a medium for what each character does before he reaches the end. The setting of the story could have an influence on what one could do before he dies, the end which everyone eventually reaches. This is seen in the story wherein each segment (letters) had different bodies of story, yet everything â€Å"continues as in A† in which the characters live on with their lives then die. D. Concepts: Ex: How do elements in the story help to create meaning? Like: setting, tone, imagery, symbol, irony, etc Metafiction in Happy Endings  The author tackles the â€Å"What?† question in the writing process through his story Happy Endings. He goes through many scenarios but shows us that the conclusion to each scenario is the same. The question â€Å"What?† only leads to the ending of the story which we already know will be the same. The important things to ask rather are â€Å"How?† and â€Å"Why?†. These questions make up the middle of the story, the events that happen, the part that counts. Textual Irony Title is Happy Endings but the real endings are al the same and result in death Conflict Is always changing depending on the situation given. Always has something to with the subject of love. SYMBOLS E. Title â€Å"Happy Endings† Most people usually focus on the ending of a story Everyone wants a happy ending, but in reality we all meet an equal end which is that we eventually die There is no such thing as a happy ending. All are the same in which we all eventually pass away. What matters is what is done as we reach the end. F. Theme What matters the most in the story is not the ending, but what what we do on the way there, because we can change our situations by choosing to act in the present, but not matter what you do you can’t change your inevitable end. —————————————————————————————————————————- RANDOM NOTES Margaret Atwood’s Happy Endings is an illustration of the idea that the ending of a story is always the same, but only the middle matters. And Love plays an important factor in all scenarios. SYNOPSIS: It includes six stories in one, each ending with death. The author believes that this is the only sure ending to anything. The stories are all inter-related, containing the same characters and similar actions. Behind the obvious meaning of these seemingly pointless stories lies a deeper and more profound meaning†¦. What is the common denominator between all these scenarios? In case you missed it, Atwood sums it up in her concluding remarks. ‘John and Mary die. John and Mary die. John and Mary die.’ ‘Happy Endings’ forces us to question the point of life. Every story, carried to its ultimate logical conclusion, has the same ending, because all lives have the same ending. We may die in the heat of battle; we may die in our sleep. We may die in infancy, in a gang war, in a nursing home. But we’re going to die. The story isn’t in the ending — it’s in what we do on the way there. RESOURCES USED http://ronosaurusrex.com/metablog/list-of-metafictional-works/ http://www.geneseo.edu/~johannes/Metafiction.html http://postcolonialstudies.emory.edu/metafiction/#ixzz2e1Z087Wr http://www.storybites.com/book-reviews/happy-endings-by-margaret-atwood.php characters http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-happyendings/char.html themes http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-happyendings/themes.html (online copy: http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~rebeccal/lit/238f11/pdfs/HappyEndings_Atwood.pdf )

Robbins Organization Behavior Leadership Quiz

Chapter 11 Leadership 1) John Kotter's view argues that management focuses on coping with complexity, whereas leadership focuses on coping with ________. A) conflict B) success C) day-to-day matters D) morale E) change Answer: E Explanation: E) John Kotter of the Harvard Business School argues that management is about coping with complexity. Good management brings about order and consistency by drawing up formal plans, designing rigid organization structures, and monitoring results against the plans.Leadership, in contrast, is about coping with change. Leaders establish direction by developing a vision of the future; then they align people by communicating this vision and inspiring them to overcome hurdles. Diff: 2Page Ref: 150 Objective: Management and Leadership Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 2) Leadership is best defined as ________. Similar essay: Absolute StatementA) the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals B) the process of drawing up formal plans and monitoring their implementation C) the process of carrying out the vision and strategy provided by management D) coordinating and staffing the organization and handling day-to-day problems E) the proper use of the influence gained exclusively as a result of one's organizational position Answer: A Explanation: A) Leadership can be defined as the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals.Leaders can emerge from within a group as well as by formal appointment. Diff: 2Page Ref: 150 Objective: Leadership Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3) Which of the following statements regarding leadership is true? A) All leaders are managers. B) Formal rights ensure good leadership. C) All managers are leaders. D) All leaders are hierarchically superior to followers. E) Nonsanctioned leaders hip is as important as formal influence. Answer: E Explanation: E) The source of a leader's influence may be formal, such as that provided by managerial rank in an organization.But not all leaders are managers, nor, for that matter, are all managers leaders. Just because an organization provides its managers with certain formal rights is no assurance they will lead effectively. Nonsanctioned leadership—the ability to influence that arises outside the formal structure of the organization—is often as important or more important than formal influence. Diff: 2Page Ref: 151 Objective: Leadership Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 4) Which theory of leadership differentiates leaders from nonleaders by focusing on personal qualities and characteristics? A) Fiedler's modelB) attributes theory C) LMX theory D) contingency theory E) trait theory Answer: E Explanation: E) Trait theories of leadership focus on personal qualities and characteristics. The search for persona lity, social, physical, or intellectual attributes that differentiate leaders from nonleaders goes back to the earliest stages of leadership research. Diff: 1Page Ref: 151 Objective: Trait Theories Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 5) Early research efforts at isolating leadership traits resulted in a number of dead ends. A breakthrough, of sorts, came when researchers began ________.A) organizing traits around the Big Five personality framework B) using the Keirsey Temperament Sorter C) using Cattell's 16 personality factors D) focusing on Eysenck's three factor model E) considering the Revised NEO Personality Inventory Answer: A Explanation: A) Early research efforts at isolating leadership traits resulted in a number of dead ends. By the 1990s, after numerous studies and analyses, about the best we could say was that most leaders â€Å"are not like other people,† but the particular traits that characterized them varied a great deal from review to review.A breakth rough, of sorts, came when researchers began organizing traits around the Big Five personality framework. Most of the dozens of traits in various leadership reviews fit under one of the Big Five, giving strong support to traits as predictors of leadership. Diff: 2Page Ref: 151 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 6) According to research, which of the Big Five personality traits is the most important in effective leaders? A) conscientiousness B) openness C) extraversion D) agreeablenessE) emotional stability Answer: C Explanation: C) A comprehensive review of leadership literature, when organized around the Big Five, has found extraversion to be the most important trait of effective leaders but more strongly related to leader emergence than to leader effectiveness. Conscientiousness and openness to experience also showed strong relationships to leadership, though not quite as strong as extraversion. Diff: 1Page Ref: 151 Objective: Trait Theories Quest. Category: Concept/Defin itionalLO: 7) Emotional intelligence (EI) is critical to effective leadership because one of its core components is ________. A) conscientiousness B) empathy C) optimism D) intraversion E) perfectionism Answer: B Explanation: B) A core component of EI is empathy. Empathetic leaders can sense others' needs, listen to what followers say (and don't say), and read the reactions of others. The caring part of empathy, especially for the people with whom you work, is what inspires people to stay with a leader when the going gets rough. Diff: 1Page Ref: 152Objective: Trait Theories Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 8) Which of the following statements accurately reflects the conclusions about the trait theories of leadership? A) Traits were better predictors of leadership 20 years ago than they are now. B) The Big Five traits are inadequate for predicting leadership. C) Traits are especially useful for distinguishing between effective and ineffective leaders. D) Traits do a good j ob of predicting the emergence of leaders. E) Overall, traits are poor predictors of leadership. Answer: DExplanation: D) Two conclusions can be offered about the effectiveness of the trait theory of leadership. First, traits can predict leadership. Twenty years ago, the evidence suggested otherwise. The Big Five seem to have rectified that. Second, traits do a better job predicting the emergence of leaders and the appearance of leadership than actually distinguishing between effective and ineffective leaders. Diff: 2Page Ref: 152 Objective: Trait Theories Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 9) Your company's HR director is a believer in trait theories of leadership.He believes that he can differentiate leaders from non-leaders by focusing on personal qualities and characteristics. The HR director plans to promote Lawrence, a highly extroverted manager with a great deal of ambition and energy to the position of VP, Manufacturing. He asks for your expertise in helping him to apply trait theory to leadership selection within your company. The director believes that because of his innate characteristics, Lawrence will be highly effective at helping the company achieve its production goals.You advise the director against basing his decision purely on traits because ________. A) research has identified emotional stability as the strongest predictor of leadership effectiveness B) studies have found that the Big Five traits are difficult to identify in leaders C) studies have shown that traits are poor predictors of leadership effectiveness D) research has found that conscientiousness is a better predictor of effectiveness than extroversion E) research has shown that effective managers are often unlikely to become effective leaders Answer: CExplanation: C) Traits do a better job predicting the emergence of leaders and the appearance of leadership than actually distinguishing between effective and ineffective leaders. The fact that an individual exhibits the t raits and others consider that person to be a leader does not necessarily mean the leader is successful at getting his or her group to achieve its goals. The context matters, too. Diff: 3Page Ref: 152 AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Trait Theories Quest. Category: Application LO: 2 10) Which of the following theories of leadership implies that individuals can be trained to become leaders?A) trait theories B) LMX theory C) contingency theories D) behavioral theories E) Fiedler model Answer: D Explanation: D) The failures of early trait studies led researchers in the late 1940s through the 1960s to wonder whether there was something unique in the way effective leaders behave. While trait research provides a basis for selecting the right people for leadership, behavioral studies implied we could train people to be leaders. Diff: 2Page Ref: 152 Objective: Behavioral Theories Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 1) The Ohio State Studies narrowed the independent dimensions of le ader behavior to two that substantially accounted for most of the leadership behavior described by employees: consideration and ________. A) employee-orientation B) empathy C) constructing vision D) initiating structure E) charisma Answer: D Explanation: D) Seeking to identify independent dimensions of leader behavior, the Ohio State Studies determined that two dimensions accounted for most effective leadership behavior: initiating structure and consideration.Initiating structure is the extent to which leaders are likely to define and structure their roles and those of their employees in the search for goal attainment. Consideration is the extent to which a leader's job relationships are characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees' ideas, and regard for their feelings. Diff: 2Page Ref: 152 Objective: Ohio State Studies Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 12) In the context of behavioral dimensions of leadership identified in the Ohio State Studies, initiating struct ure refers to the extent to which ________.A) a person's job relationships are characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees' ideas, and regard for their feelings B) a leader engages in participative management C) a leader is accepting of and respects individual differences among various team members D) a leader is likely to define and structure his or her role and those of employees in the search for goal attainment E) a leader initiates efforts to communicate personally with employees Answer: DExplanation: D) As a behavioral dimension of leaders, initiating structure is the extent to which a leader is likely to define and structure his or her role and those of employees in the search for goal attainment. It includes behavior that attempts to organize work, work relationships, and goals. Diff: 2Page Ref: 152 Objective: Initiating Structure Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 13) Kimberley, a manager at a large company, tends to assign group members to particular task s, expects workers to maintain definite standards of performance, and emphasizes the meeting of deadlines.In the light of the Ohio State Studies, this indicates that Kimberley, as a leader, is ________. A) low in task orientation B) high in consideration C) relationship oriented D) employee oriented E) high in initiating structure Answer: E Explanation: E) Initiating structure is the extent to which a leader is likely to define and structure his or her role and those of employees in the search for goal attainment. It includes behavior that attempts to organize work, work relationships, and goals.A leader high in initiating structure is someone who â€Å"assigns group members to particular tasks,† â€Å"expects workers to maintain definite standards of performance,† and â€Å"emphasizes the meeting of deadlines. † Diff: 3Page Ref: 152 AACSB: Analytic Skills Quest. Category: Application LO: 2 14) In the context of behavioral dimensions of leadership identified in the Ohio State Studies, ________ is the extent to which a person's job relationships are characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees' ideas, and regard for their feelings. A) consideration B) initiating structure C) production orientationD) task orientation E) position power Answer: A Explanation: A) In the context of behavioral dimensions of leadership identified in the Ohio State Studies, consideration is the extent to which a person's job relationships are characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees' ideas, and regard for their feelings. Diff: 2Page Ref: 152 Objective: Consideration Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 15) Jim, a VP at a large company, helps employees with personal problems, is friendly and approachable, treats all employees as equals, and expresses appreciation and support.In the light of the Ohio State Studies, this indicates that Jim, as a leader, is ________. A) task oriented B) high in consideration C) high in initiating structure D) low in relationship orientation E) production oriented Answer: B Explanation: B) Consideration is the extent to which a person's job relationships are characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees' ideas, and regard for their feelings. A leader high in consideration helps employees with personal problems, is friendly and approachable, treats all employees as equals, and expresses appreciation and support. Diff: 3Page Ref: 152 AACSB: Analytic Skills Quest.Category: Application LO: 2 16) The two dimensions of leadership behavior identified in the University of Michigan studies are ________. A) absolute leadership and contingency leadership B) transformational leaders and authentic leaders C) employee-oriented leaders and production-oriented leaders D) initiating structure and consideration E) initiation and completion Answer: C Explanation: C) Leadership studies at the University of Michigan's Survey Research Center located behavioral characteristics of leaders that appeared r elated to performance effectiveness: the employee-oriented leader and the production-oriented leader.The employee-oriented leader emphasized interpersonal relationships by taking a personal interest in the needs of employees and accepting individual differences among them; the production-oriented leader emphasized the technical or task aspects of the job—concern focused on accomplishing the group's tasks. Diff: 2Page Ref: 153 Objective: University of Michigan Studies Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 17) The University of Michigan studies define a(n) ________ leader as one who takes a personal interest in the needs of his/her subordinates.A) contingency B) task-oriented C) employee-oriented D) production-oriented E) structure initiating Answer: C Explanation: C) According to the behavioral dimensions of leaders identified by the University of Michigan's Survey Research Center, the employee-oriented leader emphasized interpersonal relationships by taking a personal i nterest in the needs of employees and accepting individual differences among them. Diff: 2Page Ref: 153 Objective: Employee-Oriented Leaders Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 8) If a leader's main concern is accomplishing his/her group's tasks, the University of Michigan studies label this leader ________. A) employee-oriented B) high in consideration C) relationship-oriented D) low in initiating structure E) production-oriented Answer: E Explanation: E) According to the behavioral dimensions identified by the University of Michigan's Survey Research Center, the production-oriented leader emphasized the technical or task aspects of the job, his main concern being accomplishing the group's tasks. Diff: 2Page Ref: 153 Objective: Production-Oriented LeadersQuest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 19) The behavioral dimensions identified by the University of Michigan's Survey Research Center are closely related to those identified in the Ohio State Study. Employee-oriented leadership is similar to ________, and production-oriented leadership is similar to ________. A) initiating structure; consideration B) task-orientation; relationship-orientation C) transformational leadership; authentic leadership D) authentic leadership; transformational leadership E) consideration; initiating structure Answer: EExplanation: E) The behavioral dimensions identified by the University of Michigan's Survey Research Center are closely related to the Ohio State dimensions. Employee-oriented leadership is similar to consideration, and production-oriented leadership is similar to initiating structure. In fact, most leadership researchers use the terms synonymously. Diff: 2Page Ref: 153 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 20) Contingency theories focus on the ________ that impact leadership success.. A) leader's personal characteristics and qualities B) leader's abilities to inspire and transform followersC) situational variables D) values and ethics E) aspects of the leader's behavior Answer: C Explanation: C) Numerous studies have shown that predicting leadership success is more complex than isolating a few traits or behaviors, since leadership styles that are effective in very bad times or in very good times do not necessarily translate into long-term success. This idea led researchers to change their focus from trait and behavior theories to situational influences on leadership styles, or contingency theories. Diff: 1Page Ref: 154 Objective: Contingency Models Quest. Category: Concept/DefinitionalLO: 3 21) The first comprehensive contingency model for leadership was developed by ________. A) Hersey and Blanchard B) Blake and Mouton C) Fred Fiedler D) John Kotter E) Douglas Surber Answer: C Explanation: C) The first comprehensive contingency model for leadership was developed by Fred Fiedler. Fiedler believes that a key factor in leadership success is the individual's basic leadership style. According to the Fiedler contingency model, effe ctive group performance depends on the proper match between the leader's style and the degree to which the situation gives the leader control. Diff: 1Page Ref: 154Objective: Fiedler Contingency Model Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 22) Which model represents the theory that effective group performance depends on the proper match between a leader's style and the degree to which the situation gives control to the leader? A) leader-member exchange model B) Fiedler's contingency model C) Hersey and Blanchard's situational leadership model D) Vroom and Yetton's leader-participation model E) House's path-goal model of leadership Answer: B Explanation: B) According to Fiedler's Contingency Model, the key factor predicting leadership success is the individual's basic leadership style.Since Fiedler assumes an individual's leadership style is fixed, effective group performance depends on the proper match between the leader's style and the degree to which the situation gives the le ader control. Diff: 2Page Ref: 154 Objective: Fiedler Contingency Model Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 23) In Fiedler's model, if a respondent describes his or her least preferred co-worker in relatively positive terms, then the respondent is considered to be ________. A) relationship oriented B) production-oriented C) task-oriented D) high in initiating structure E) low in consideration Answer: AExplanation: A) Fiedler's least preferred coworker (LPC) questionnaire measures whether a person is task- or relationship-oriented by asking respondents to rate their least favorite coworker. If respondents describe their least favorite coworker in favorable terms (a high LPC score), they are probably relationship-oriented. In contrast, respondents who describe their least-preferred coworker in unfavorable terms (a low LPC score) are viewed as primarily interested in productivity and as being task-oriented. Diff: 3Page Ref: 154 Objective: Least Preferred Coworker Quest. Categor y: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 4) If a survey respondent sees his or her least preferred co-worker in unfavorable terms, Fiedler would categorize the respondent as ________. A) high in consideration B) task-oriented C) low in initiating structure D) employee-oriented E) relationship oriented Answer: B Explanation: B) Fiedler's least preferred coworker (LPC) questionnaire measures whether a person is task- or relationship-oriented by asking respondents to rate their least favorite coworker. Respondents who describe their least-preferred coworker in unfavorable terms (a low LPC score) are viewed as primarily interested in productivity and as being task-oriented.Conversely, respondents who describe their least-favorite coworker in favorable terms (a high LPC score) are considered to be relationship-oriented. Diff: 2Page Ref: 154 Objective: Least Preferred Coworker Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 25) Fran has just completed and scored the LPC questionnaire given to her during an evaluation exercise. She is surprised when she finds out that she described her least preferred co-worker in relatively positive terms because she recalls being particularly annoyed by this difficult co-worker several times in the past.Based on your understanding of Fiedler's model, you explain to Fran that her LPC score makes sense within the model because ________. A) Fran tends to become very dominating when given ambiguous tasks B) Fran is usually much more focused on productivity than on developing relationships C) Fran tends in general to focus on building good relationships with the other employees D) Fran has a spotty work history and has tended to switch jobs every couple of years E) Fran is usually chosen for positions of high responsibility within your organization Answer: CExplanation: C) If you describe the person you are least able to work with in favorable terms (a high LPC score), Fiedler would label you relationship oriented. In contrast, if you see your least p referred co-worker in relatively unfavorable terms (a low LPC score), you are primarily interested in productivity and are task oriented. Diff: 3Page Ref: 154 AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Least Preferred Coworker Quest. Category: Application LO: 3 26) Fiedler's contingency leadership model assumes that ________. A) an individual's leadership style is essentially fixedB) an individual can use the LPC to change his/her style to a more productive style C) there is no ideal way to match leadership styles with situations D) all leaders can learn to adapt to different contingencies E) each person's style will change in accordance with the situation at hand Answer: A Explanation: A) Fiedler assumes an individual's leadership style is fixed. This means if a situation requires a task-oriented leader and the person in the leadership position is relationship oriented, either the situation has to be modified or the leader has to be replaced to achieve optimal effectiveness.Diff: 2Page Ref: 154 Objective: Fiedler Contingency Model Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 27) Fiedler labels the degree of confidence, trust, and respect that subordinates have in their leader as ________. A) leader-member relations B) task structure C) positional power D) leader-member exchange E) leader-member orientation Answer: A Explanation: A) Fiedler identified three contingency or situational dimensions to leadership success, including leader-member relations, task structure, and position power. Leader-member relations is the degree of confidence, trust, and respect members have in their leader.Diff: 1Page Ref: 154 Objective: Leader-Member Relations Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 28) Which of the following situational dimensions identified by Fiedler relates to the degree to which job assignments are procedurized, that is, structured or unstructured? A) leader-member relations B) task orientation C) task structure D) initiating structure E) productivity oriented Ans wer: C Explanation: C) Fiedler identified three contingency or situational dimensions in which certain types of leaders might excel or fail, including leader-member relations, task structure, and position power.Task structure is the degree to which job assignments are procedurized (that is, structured or unstructured). Leaders who are task-oriented, Fielder proposes, perform best when the situation is very favorable or very unfavorable. Diff: 1Page Ref: 154 Objective: Task Structures Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 29) In the context of Fiedler's model, the situational dimension termed ________ relates to the degree of influence a leader has over power variables such as hiring, firing, discipline, promotions, and salary increases. A) task structure B) leader-member exchange C) position powerD) initiating structure E) leader-member relations Answer: C Explanation: C) In the context of Fiedler's model, the situational dimension termed position power relates to the degree o f influence a leader has over power variables such as hiring, firing, discipline, promotions, and salary increases. Diff: 1Page Ref: 154 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 30) If you were using the Fielder contingency model of leadership to establish a scenario in your company which gives managers maximum control, which of the following combinations of situational dimensions would you seek to achieve?A) high task structure, good leader-member relations, and strong position power B) limited position power, good leader-member relations, and low task structure C) less structured jobs, strong position power, and moderate leader-member relations D) broad employee responsibilities, low position power, and moderate leader-member relations E) good leader-member relations, low position power, unstructured jobs Answer: A Explanation: A) The Fiedler contingency model proposes that effective group performance depends on the proper match between the leader's style and the degree to whic h the situation gives the leader control.Fiedler states that the better the leader–member relations, the more highly structured the job, and the stronger the position power, the more control the leader has. Diff: 3Page Ref: 154 AACSB: Analytic Skills Quest. Category: Application LO: 3 31) According to the Fiedler contingency model of leadership, task-oriented leaders perform best in situations of ________, while relationship-oriented leaders perform best in ________ situations. A) moderate control; high and low control B) high control; low and moderate control C) high and moderate control; low controlD) high and low control; moderate control E) moderate and low control; high control Answer: D Explanation: D) In the Fiedler contingency model, combining the three contingency dimensions yields eight possible situations in which leaders can find themselves. Fiedler recently condensed these eight situations down to three. According to him, task-oriented leaders perform best in sit uations of high and low control, while relationship-oriented leaders perform best in moderate control situations. Diff: 2Page Ref: 154 Objective: Matching Leaders and Situations Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 2) Which of the following leadership theories argues that because of time pressures, leaders establish a special relationship with a small group of their subordinates—the in-group, who are trusted, get a disproportionate amount of the leader's attention, and are more likely to receive special privileges? A) situational leadership theory B) leader-member exchange C) path-goal D) expectancy E) Fiedler's theory Answer: B Explanation: B) Leader–member exchange (LMX) theory proposes that, because of time pressures, leaders establish a special relationship with a small group of their followers. These individuals make up the in-group.Members of the in-group are trusted, get a disproportionate amount of the leader's attention, and are more likely to receive s pecial privileges. Other followers fall into the out-group. Diff: 1Page Ref: 156 Objective: Leader-Member Exchange Theory Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 As you have observed your department manager and her interactions with the department's employees, you have come to believe in LMX theory. Sarah and Joe get less of the manager's time. Sally gets fewer of the preferred rewards that the manager controls and John has a relationship with the manager based on formal authority interactions.Rebecca is trusted. Jennifer gets a disproportionate amount of the manager's attention and is more likely to receive special privileges. 33) According to LMX theory, the in-group is likely to be composed of ________. A) Rebecca and Jennifer only B) Jennifer only C) Rebecca only D) John, Rebecca, and Jennifer only E) Sarah, Joe, Sally, and John only Answer: A Explanation: A) The LMX theory proposes that early in the history of the interaction between a leader and a given follower, the leade r implicitly categorizes the follower as an â€Å"in† or an â€Å"out,† and that relationship is relatively stable over time.Leaders induce LMX by rewarding those employees with whom they want a closer linkage and punishing those with whom they do not. Diff: 3Page Ref: 156 AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: In-Group Quest. Category: Application LO: 3 34) According to LMX theory, which of the following employees is likely to be included in the out-group? A) Rebecca only B) Jennifer only C) Sarah and Jennifer only D) Sarah and Joe only E) Sarah, Joe, Sally, and John only Answer: EExplanation: E) The LMX theory proposes that early in the history of the interaction between a leader and a given follower, the leader implicitly categorizes the follower as an â€Å"in† or an â€Å"out,† and that relationship is relatively stable over time. Leaders induce LMX by rewarding those employees with whom they want a closer linkage and punishing those with whom they do not . Diff: 3Page Ref: 156 AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Out-Group Quest. Category: Application LO: 3 35) According to the LMX theory, a leader implicitly categorizes followers as â€Å"in† or â€Å"out† ________. A) after careful performance analysisB) on a temporary basis C) early in the interaction D) because of political pressure E) only after several months of working together Answer: C Explanation: C) The LMX theory proposes that early in the history of the interaction between a leader and a given follower, the leader implicitly categorizes the follower as an â€Å"in† or an â€Å"out,† and that relationship is relatively stable over time. Diff: 2Page Ref: 156 Objective: Leader-Member Exchange Theory Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 36) According to research relating to the LMX theory of leadership, which of the following does not appear to characterize in-group members?A) demographic characteristics similar to those of the leader B) atti tudes similar to those of the leader C) personality characteristics similar to those of the leader D) gender opposite to that of the leader E) higher level of competence than out-group members Answer: D Explanation: D) Just how the leader chooses who falls into each category is unclear, but there is evidence in-group members have demographic, attitude, and personality characteristics similar to those of their leader or a higher level of competence than out-group members.Leaders and followers of the same gender tend to have closer (higher LMX) relationships than those of different genders. Diff: 2Page Ref: 156 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 37) Which of the following is true according to research testing the LMX theory of leadership? A) There is substantive evidence that leaders differentiate among followers. B) Disparities in how leaders treat different followers are largely random. C) The in-group shows no measurable difference in positive outcomes compared to the out- group. D) In-group members usually show lesser â€Å"citizenship† behavior at work.E) In-group members are no more satisfied with their leader than out-group members. Answer: A Explanation: A) Research to test LMX theory has been generally supportive, with substantive evidence that leaders do differentiate among followers; these disparities are far from random; and followers with in-group status will have higher performance ratings, engage in more helping or â€Å"citizenship† behaviors at work, and report greater satisfaction with their superior. Diff: 2Page Ref: 156 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 8) Believing that in-group members are the most competent, leaders invest their resources in them. This, in turn, leads the in-group members to show higher levels of performance at their jobs. This chain of events reflects the concept of ________. A) assumption fallacy B) reverse engineering C) self-fulfilling prophecy D) Newcomb's paradox E) predestination para dox Answer: C Explanation: C) Followers with in-group status will have higher performance ratings, engage in more helping or â€Å"citizenship† behaviors at work, and report greater satisfaction with their superior.These positive findings for in-group members reflect the concept of self-fulfilling prophecy; leaders invest their resources with those they expect to perform best—the in-group members—and thus unwittingly fulfill their prophecy. Diff: 2Page Ref: 156-157 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 39) Who was first researcher to consider charismatic leadership in terms of OB? A) Max Weber B) Robert House C) Fred Fiedler D) John Kotter E) Douglas Surber Answer: B Explanation: B) The first researcher to consider charismatic leadership in terms of OB was Robert House.According to House's charismatic leadership theory, followers attribute heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors. Diff: 1Page Ref: 157 Quest. Category : Concept/Definitional LO: 4 40) Which theory of leadership proposes that followers attribute heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors? A) transformational leadership theory B) authentic leadership theory C) transactional leadership theory D) attributional leadership theory E) charismatic leadership theory Answer: EExplanation: E) According to House's charismatic leadership theory, followers attribute heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors. A number of studies have attempted to identify the characteristics of charismatic leaders: they have a vision, they are willing to take personal risks to achieve that vision, they are sensitive to follower needs, and they exhibit extraordinary behaviors. Diff: 1Page Ref: 157 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 41) Which of the following is not a key characteristic of a charismatic leader?A) sensitivity to follower needs B) unconventional behavior C) vision a nd articulation D) focus on maintaining status quo E) willingness to take risks Answer: D Explanation: D) Charismatic leadership theory, developed by Robert House, is based on the idea that when followers observe certain behaviors displayed by a leader, they view that leader as having extraordinary or even heroic leadership abilities. Recent studies have sought to identify these specific behaviors. Charismatic leaders appear to possess key characteristics, ncluding sensitivity to follower needs, unconventional behavior, vision and articulation, and willingness to take risks. Diff: 2Page Ref: 157 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 42) Which of the following is true regarding whether charismatic leaders are born or made? A) Charismatic individuals are not born with traits that make them charismatic. B) Charismatic leaders are usually not achievement oriented. C) Charisma cannot be learned. D) Most experts believe individuals can be trained to exhibit charismatic behaviors. E) Personality has shown no link to charismatic leadership.Answer: D Explanation: D) Individuals are born with traits that make them charismatic. Personality is also related to charismatic leadership; charismatic leaders are likely to be extraverted, self-confident, and achievement oriented. Although a small minority thinks charisma is inherited and cannot be learned, most experts believe individuals can be trained to exhibit charismatic behaviors. Diff: 2Page Ref: 158 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 43) According to evidence, what is the first step a charismatic leader takes to influence followers?A) developing a formal vision statement B) engaging in emotion-inducing and often unconventional behavior C) setting an example for followers through actions and words D) articulating an appealing vision E) communicating high performance expectations Answer: D Explanation: D) Evidence suggests that charismatic leaders follow a four-step process to influence followers. This proce ss begins with articulating an appealing vision, a long-term strategy for attaining a goal by linking the present with a better future for the organization.Desirable visions fit the times and circumstances and reflect the uniqueness of the organization. Diff: 2Page Ref: 158 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 44) Which of the following is true about the effectiveness of charismatic leadership? A) Research shows scant correlations between charismatic leadership and high performance. B) Charisma may not always be generalizable. C) Charisma appears most successful when the environment is stress-free. D) Charismatic leaders usually surface when the organization is stable and successful.E) Charismatic leadership qualities are best utilized in lower-level management jobs. Answer: B Explanation: B) Research shows impressive correlations between charismatic leadership and high performance and satisfaction among followers. However, charisma may not always be generalizable; its effect iveness may depend on the situation. Charisma appears most successful when the follower's task has an ideological component or the environment includes a high degree of stress and uncertainty. It's more difficult to utilize a person's charismatic leadership qualities in lower-level management jobs.Diff: 2Page Ref: 159 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 45) Leaders who clarify role and task requirements to accomplish established goals exhibit a(n) _________ style of leadership. A) transformational B) transactional C) charismatic D) authentic E) situational Answer: B Explanation: B) Recent studies, including the Ohio State Studies, Fiedler's model, and path-goal theory, have focused on the differences between transformational leaders and transactional leaders. In contrast to ransformational leaders who inspire their followers to transcend their self-interests for the good of the organization, transactional leaders encourage their followers to achieve goals by defining specifi c goals and task requirements. Diff: 1Page Ref: 160 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 46) ________ leaders inspire followers to transcend their self-interests for the good of the organization and can have an extraordinary effect on their followers. A) Transformational B) Transactional C) Task oriented D) Laissez-faire E) Transcendental Answer: AExplanation: A) Transformational leaders can have an extraordinary effect on their followers, inspiring them toward selfless goals that benefit the larger organization. These types of leaders inspire their followers by paying attention to their concerns, helping them rethink old problems in new ways, and encouraging them to achieve goals as a group. Diff: 1Page Ref: 160 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 47) In terms of the full range of leadership model, which leader behavior is the least effective? A) management by exception (active) B) contingent reward C) management by exception (passive) D) individualized consideration E) laissez-faire Answer: E Explanation: E) According to the full range of leadership model, laissez-faire is the most passive and therefore least effective of leader behaviors. Management by exception—active or passive—is slightly better than laissez-faire. Diff: 1Page Ref: 160 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 48) According to the full range of leadership model, which of the following leader behaviors will enable leaders to motivate followers to perform above expectations and transcend their self-interest for the sake of the organization? A) management by exception (active) B) contingent rewardC) individualized consideration D) management by exception (passive) E) laissez-faire Answer: C Explanation: C) According to the full range of leadership model, leadership behaviors including laissez-faire, management by exception (active or passive), and contingent reward will not get employees to go above and beyond the call of duty. Only with the four styles of tran sformational leadership—individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation, and idealized influence—are leaders able to motivate followers to perform above expectations and transcend their self-interest for the sake of the organization.Diff: 1Page Ref: 160 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 49) Richard is a transactional leader who has just assigned a series of tasks to a project team. Which of the following is most likely to be true about the team's performance under Richard's guidance? A) They will set new standards of productivity for the department, exceeding Richard's expectations. B) They will meet the goals set for them but are unlikely to go beyond those goals. C) They will tend to be unclear about the roles assigned to each team member.D) They will be highly motivated by what they view as Richard's heroic or extraordinary qualities. E) They will tend to put the interests of the company above individual self-interest. Answ er: B Explanation: B) Transactional leaders set goals for their employees and define roles and expectations. Unlike transformational leaders, however, transactional leaders are unlikely to motivate their employees to exceed expectations or go beyond the call of duty. Diff: 3Page Ref: 160 AACSB: Analytic Skills Quest. Category: Application LO: 4 50) Researchers are conducting a study of a company called Acme Corp. which they believe to be led by a transformational leader. Which of the following, if true, would most support the conclusion that Acme's leader is a transformational leader? A) Acme's top managers often disagree over defining the organization's goals. B) Acme's goals tend to be very ambitious and to hold personal value for employees. C) Acme has a centralized decision-making structure. D) Acme's performance has held at average levels for the past three years. E) Acme's compensation plans are designed to reward short-term results. Answer: BExplanation: B) In companies with transformational leaders, followers are more likely to pursue ambitious goals, agree on the strategic goals of the organization, and believe the goals they are pursuing are personally important. There is greater decentralization of responsibility, managers have more propensity to take risks, and compensation plans are geared toward long-term results. All these factors result in superior organizational performance. Diff: 3Page Ref: 160 AACSB: Analytic Skills Quest. Category: Application LO: 4 51) Two companies, Roland Media and Go! Corp, are both headed by ransformational leaders. However, Roland Media showed much greater profitability over a 5-year time period than did Go! Corp. Which of the following best explains why Roland Media performed better than Go! Corp under transformational leadership? A) Roland Media's leader goes through a complex bureaucratic structure, whereas Go! Corp's leader regularly interacts with the company's workforce to make decisions. B) Unlike Go! Corp's em ployees, Roland Media's employees don't readily give up decision-making authority. C) Roland Media is a small, privately held firm, whereas Go!Corp is a large, complex public company. D) Roland Media is headquartered in a low power distance region, whereas Go! Corp is headquartered in a country that is high in power distance. E) Roland Media's employees tend to be more highly individualistic than do Go! Corp's employees. Answer: C Explanation: C) Transformational leadership is most effective in small, privately held companies. It is less effective in complex organizations. Transformational leaders are more effective in improving group potency in teams higher in power distance and collectivism.They are less effective when leaders must deal with bureaucratic structures, when employees are highly individualistic, and when employees don't easily give up decision-making authority. Diff: 3Page Ref: 162 AACSB: Analytic Skills Quest. Category: Application LO: 4 52) Which of the following wo uld best serve as evidence to support the conclusion that an individual is an authentic leader? A) The leader is cautious about information sharing and tends to provide updates only to top management. B) In business exchanges, the leader puts the company's bottom line before his or her ideals.C) The leader acts in the company's best interest as long as those interests don't conflict with his personal ambitions. D) The leader constantly questions his or her values. E) The leader inspires a great deal of trust in his or her followers. Answer: E Explanation: E) Authentic leaders know who they are, know what they believe in and value, and act on those values and beliefs openly and candidly. Their followers consider them ethical people. The primary quality produced by authentic leadership, therefore, is trust. Authentic leaders share information, encourage open communication, and stick to their ideals. Diff: 3Page Ref: 163 Quest.Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 53) The concept of aut hentic leadership focuses on ________. A) the moral aspects of being a leader B) the unconventional behavior of the leader C) the readiness of followers D) the situational component of leadership E) the transactional aspect of leadership Answer: A Explanation: A) Authentic leaders know who they are, know what they believe in and value, and act on those values and beliefs openly and candidly. Their followers consider them ethical people. This concept is a promising way to think about ethics and trust in leadership because it focuses on the moral aspects of being a leader.Diff: 2Page Ref: 163 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 54) The concept of socialized charismatic leadership seeks to integrate charismatic leadership with ________ leadership. A) transformational B) production-oriented C) relational D) ethical E) transactional Answer: D Explanation: D) Scholars have tried to integrate ethical and charismatic leadership by advancing the idea of socialized charismatic leaders hip—leadership that conveys other centered (not self centered) values by leaders who model ethical conduct.Socialized charismatic leaders are able to bring employee values in line with their own values through their words and actions. Diff: 1Page Ref: 163 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 55) ________ is a psychological state that exists when you agree to make yourself vulnerable to another because you have positive expectations about how things are going to turn out. A) Consideration B) Trust C) Empowerment D) Empathy E) Respect Answer: B Explanation: B) Trust is a psychological state that exists when you agree to make yourself vulnerable to another because you have positive expectations about how things are going to turn out.Even though you aren't completely in control of the situation, you are willing to take a chance that the other person will come through for you. Diff: 1Page Ref: 164 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 56) All of the following are cons equences of a relationship of trust between supervisors and employees, except that ________. A) trust facilitates information sharing B) trusting groups are more effective C) trust discourages taking risks D) trust enhances productivity E) company bottom-lines are positively influenced by trust Answer: CExplanation: C) Trust between supervisors and employees is related to a number of positive employment outcomes. Trust encourages taking risks, facilitates information sharing, and enhances productivity. Trusting groups are more effective. Diff: 2Page Ref: 165 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 57) Which of the following statements accurately describes the attribution theory of leadership? A) Leadership is merely an attribution people make about other individuals. B) Good leaders attribute their successes to their team or group members. C) Leadership qualities are attributions that are independent of performance.D) The achievement of group goals are rarely attributed to good leadership. E) Leadership is an attribute that individuals are born with. Answer: A Explanation: A) The attribution theory of leadership says leadership is merely an attribution people make about other individuals. Thus we attribute to leaders intelligence, outgoing personality, strong verbal skills, aggressiveness, understanding, and industriousness. At the organizational level, we tend to see leaders, rightly or wrongly, as responsible for extremely negative or extremely positive performance. Diff: 2Page Ref: 165 Quest.Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 5 58) The President of a small Asian country was hailed as a visionary and a genius when the nation's economy burgeoned during his first term in office. However, when the currency and the stock-markets crashed during his government's second term, he was censured as arrogant, elitist, and short-sighted. This scenario reflects the ________ theory of leadership. A) traits B) behavioral C) LMX D) substitutes E) attribution Answer: E Ex planation: E) The attribution theory of leadership says leadership is merely an attribution people make about other individuals.Thus we attribute to leaders intelligence, outgoing personality, strong verbal skills, aggressiveness, understanding, and industriousness. At the organizational level, we tend to see leaders, rightly or wrongly, as responsible for extremely negative or extremely positive performance. Diff: 3Page Ref: 165 AACSB: Analytic Skills Quest. Category: Application LO: 5 59) According to research, which of the following is true about demographic assumptions that are made about leaders? A) Leaders are likely to be assumed to be white. B) White leaders are no more likely to be rated effective than leaders from other racial groups.C) Teams invariably prefer male leaders. D) Teams prefer female leaders when aggressively competing against other teams. E) Teams prefer male leaders when the competition is within teams and calls for improving positive relationships within th e group. Answer: A Explanation: A) Respondents in a study assumed a leader described with no identifying racial information was white at a rate beyond the base rate of white employees in a company. In scenarios where identical leadership situations are described but the leaders' race is manipulated, white leaders are rated as more effective than leaders of other racial groups.Diff: 2Page Ref: 166 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 5 60) Zenith Technologies has a very flat organizational system with few managers. Instead, it has a rigid system of clear, formalized goals, clear procedures, and cohesive work groups. In this case, the various components of the organizational system are acting as ________ to formal leadership by replacing the support and ability offered by leaders. A) detriments B) traits C) attributes D) substitutes E) supplements Answer: D Explanation: D) One theory of leadership suggests that in many situations leaders' actions are irrelevant.Experience and tra ining are among the substitutes that can replace the need for a leader's support or ability to create structure. Organizational characteristics such as explicit formalized goals, rigid rules and procedures, and cohesive work groups can also replace formal leadership. Diff: 3Page Ref: 166 AACSB: Analytic Skills Quest. Category: Application LO: 5 61) Trust which is based on a mutual understanding of each other's intentions and appreciation of the other's wants and desires is referred to as ________. A) substitute trustB) identification-based trust C) attributional trust D) assumption-based trust E) socialized trust Answer: B Explanation: B) Identification-based trust, based on a mutual understanding of each other's intentions and appreciation of the other's wants and desires, is particularly difficult to achieve without face-to-face interaction. It's not yet clear whether it's even possible for employees to identify with or trust leaders with whom they communicate only electronically. Diff: 1Page Ref: 167 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 5 2) Because he has an internationally based team, Leo and the team do most of their business communications via e-mail. Which of the following represents what is least likely to be true of Leo's experience working with the team in an online environment? A) Leo relies heavily on his written skills to communicate support and inspiration. B) Team members must be particularly adept at reading emotions in others' messages C) Team members tend to have high levels of identification-based trust. D) Negotiations between team members sometimes stall due to lack of trust.E) Leo uses written communication to reinforce what he conveys to team members verbally. Answer: C Explanation: C) Online leaders confront unique challenges, particularly around developing and maintaining trust. Identification-based trust, based on a mutual understanding of each other's intentions and appreciation of the others wants and desires, is particularly difficult to achieve without face-to-face interaction. Leo's team would be least likely to experience high levels of identification-based trust. Online negotiations might also be hindered because parties express lower levels of trust.Diff: 2Page Ref: 167 AACSB: Analytic Skills Quest. Category: Application LO: 5 63) According to the GLOBE project, which of the following is true of the leadership style preferred by Brazilian employees? A) leaders high on consideration B) leaders with a nonparticipative style C) leaders who take self-governing decisions D) leaders who act alone without engaging the group E) task oriented leaders Answer: A Explanation: A) Based on the values of Brazilian employees, leaders in Brazil would need to be team oriented, participative, and humane.Leaders high on consideration who emphasize participative decision making and have high LPC scores would be best suited to managing employees in this culture. Brazilians do not prefer leaders who take self-governing d ecisions and act alone without engaging the group. Diff: 2Page Ref: 168 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 6 64) According to the GLOBE project, which of the following is true of the leadership style preferred by employees in France? A) people-oriented leaders B) leaders with high LPC scores C) leaders with a participative decision-making styleD) leaders with high initiating structure E) relationship oriented leaders Answer: D Explanation: D) Compared to U. S. employees, the French have a more bureaucratic view of leaders and are less likely to expect them to be humane and considerate. A leader high on initiating structure (relatively task oriented) will do best and can make decisions in a relatively autocratic manner. A manager who scores high on consideration (people oriented) may find that style backfiring in France. Diff: 2Page Ref: 168 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 6 5) According to the GLOBE study on the global implications of leadership, employees in this c ountry are more likely to value team-oriented and participative leadership than U. S. employees. However, since it has a relatively high-power-distance culture, status differences between leaders and followers are expected. Therefore, the leader should ask employees for their opinions, try to minimize conflicts, but not be afraid to take charge and make the final decision (after consulting team members). Identify this country. A) China B) Brazil C) Egypt D) FranceE) Sweden Answer: C Explanation: C) Employees in Egypt are more likely to value team-oriented and participative leadership than U. S. employees. However, Egypt is also a relatively high-power-distance culture, meaning status differences between leaders and followers are expected. So, a manager must be participative yet demonstrate his or her high level of status by asking employees for their opinions, trying to minimize conflicts, and yet not being afraid to take charge and making the final decision (after consulting team m embers). Diff: 2Page Ref: 168Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 6 66) According to the GLOBE project, which of the following is true of the leadership style preferred by employees in China? A) leaders who are team-oriented and humane B) leaders with high LPC scores C) leaders who take self-governing decisions D) leaders with a moderately participative style E) leaders who act alone without engaging the group Answer: D Explanation: D) According to the GLOBE study, Chinese culture emphasizes being polite, considerate, and unselfish, but it also has a high performance orientation.These two factors suggest consideration and initiating structure may both be important. Although Chinese culture is relatively participative compared to that of the United States, there are also status differences between leaders and employees. This suggests a moderately participative style may work best. Diff: 2Page Ref: 168 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 6 Leo supervises a global team of pr oject members based in multiple countries. Maria is Brazilian; Jean-Paul is French, Amit is Egyptian, and Xiang is Chinese. Leo is American and is based in the United States. 7) In the light on the findings of the GLOBE project, which team members can be expected to respond most favorably when Leo exhibits high levels of initiating structure? A) Jean-Paul and Xiang B) Amit and Xiang C) Maria and Jean-Paul D) Amit and Maria E) Xiang and Amit Answer: A Explanation: A) France and China are countries where individuals tend to value initiating structure. The French have a bureaucratic view of leaders and expect leaders to make decisions relatively autocratically. The Chinese have a high performance orientation that emphasizes status differences between employees.Leaders with high initiating structures therefore have better results in these countries. Diff: 3Page Ref: 168 AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Behavioral Theories Quest. Category: Application LO: 6 68) Which of the following te am members would be least likely to respond favorably if Leo made project-related decisions independently, without consulting the team? A) Maria B) Jean-Paul C) Amit D) Xiang E) Maria and Jean-Paul Answer: A Explanation: A) Brazilians value participatory decision-making. Maria would thus be least likely to respond favorably to autocratic decision-making onLeo's part. As one Brazilian manager remarked in a research study, â€Å"We do not prefer leaders who take self-governing decisions and act alone without engaging the group. That's part of who we are. † Diff: 3Page Ref: 168 AACSB: Analytic Skills Quest. Category: Application LO: 6 69) The team agrees that a large component of the project will be carried out at the Chinese headquarters, with Xiang responsible for leading that support team. Based on what the GLOBE project concludes about Chinese culture, which of the following leader behaviors would be most effective?A) infrequent decision-making B) highly participatory decisi on-making C) autocratic decision-making D) decision-making without initiating structure E) moderately participatory decision-making Answer: E Explanation: E) Chinese culture emphasizes being polite, considerate, and unselfish, but it also has a high performance orientation. These two factors suggest consideration and initiating structure may both be important. Although Chinese culture is relatively participative compared to that of the United States, there are also status differences between leaders and employees.This suggests a moderately participative style may work best there. Diff: 3Page Ref: 168 AACSB: Analytic Skills Quest. Category: Application LO: 6 70) In carrying out a transformational approach to overseeing the project, Leo strives to implement the universal elements of transformational leadership. He most likely implements all of the following except ________. A) vision B) providing encouragement C) positiveness D) proactiveness E) silent leadership Answer: E Explanation : E) The silence of a leader is very powerful in Japan, but not necessarily in other countries.Silent leadership is, therefore, not considered one of the university elements of transformational leadership. The elements are: vision, foresight, providing encouragement, trustworthiness, dynamism, positiveness, and proactiveness. Diff: 1Page Ref: 168 AACSB: Analytic Skills Quest. Category: Application LO: 6 71) The term leadership is synonymous with management. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Although often used interchangeably, the terms leadership and management have two different meanings. John Kotter of the Harvard Business School argues that management is the ability to cope with complexity.Leadership, by contrast, is defined as the ability to cope with change. Diff: 1Page Ref: 150 Objective: Management and Leadership Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 72) Nonsanctioned leadership is usually less important than formal influence. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Nonsanctioned leadersh ip—the ability to influence that arises outside the formal structure of the organization—is often as important or more important than formal