Napoleon Was NOT a Son of the Revolution Essay -- European History

At the end of the French Revolution, the hopes of the early stages of the Revolution had been mangled, leading into the Reign of Terror. France had dissolved into anarchy, with internal and internationalistic turmoil. It was out of the foreign wars that Napoleon came to power. Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power, victory by victory, eventu eithery making himself Emperor of France, creating a strong central establishment while continuing the foreign wars, creating a mass French Empire. Although Napoleon was a product of the French Revolution and maintained the visualise as a son of the Revolution, idealism always fell to pragmatism as Napoleons main purpose was creating a strong unified France.Napoleons policies reflected some of the ideals of Enlightenment thought and he sought to spread them across Europe as he conquered. One of the core beliefs of the Enlightenment is that the universe is dandy and that there are natural laws that apply to everyone. Although what these right s were was up to debate, the central idea was that everyone should have them. As Napoleon conquered Europe he applied the same laws to everybody, everywhere. This cast of laws is known as the Code Napoleon. Some of the laws enforced by the Code Napoleon can be seen in Napoleons Imperial reign at Madrid, where Napoleon abolished feudal rights, such as banalities, as well as seizing church lands to be distributed among the people. Other actions he took were creating constitutions that created laws that applied to all people equally and could non be altered on a whim. These are the same actions taken during the French revolution applied to all some other areas. In fact, the promises of these reforms gave Napoleons forces supporters in the countries he sei... ...gery he used. Napoleons rule was greatly influenced by the Enlightenment ideas, but he was not a son of the Revolution. Louis Bergeron considered Napoleon an enlightened despot, saying, the dynamism of Bonaparte and his rigorous administration revived the experiment of enlightened despotism, somewhat belatedly, since in the setting of Hesperian Europe it was already a bit out of date. Napoleon did resemble an enlightened despot as he upheld absolute power while back up legal and social equality for all classes of people (that werent him). What makes Napoleon unique among enlightenment despots is that he formatted his image to appear to be something else. The discrepancies between the image he presented and the person he was creates room for interpretation as to whether Napoleon was a dictator, an enlightened despot, or a champion of the revolution.

Movie Analyses Essay -- Film Essays

Movie AnalysesThere is much to celluloids than pure visual quality and simple, predictable plots. While a movie may be able to appeal to masses of people with pure visceral quality, most quality movies have more in the way of character interaction and establish of an environment that suits the movie. There are many qualities to judge a movie by, but it is best to gravel qualities that certain movies share in common to best judge the two. The three movies being compared and contrasted in this paper are The House of Games, Blue Velvet, and The Unbearable weightlessness of Being. To best analyze these movies, they will be looked at from three viewpoints their use of both physical and emotional relationships, their use of surrealism, and their use of art and music. Before unmatchable can learn anything just about the three movies, they need some type of prior knowledge of what the movies are about.One of the movies being discussed is The House of Games. This movie is about a con ar tist, named Mike, who draws in a psychologist, named Margaret, into a very complex con through building her trust in him through a sexual relationship. Neither Margaret nor the audience is given any real clues that the relationship between the two is a hoax, and at the end of the moving picture, the audience is shocked to make the stripping that Mike had no real feelings for Margaret as he cons her out of a large sum of money. After realizing the falsity of this relationship, Margaret essentially loses her mind, and ends up killing Mike. The bordering movie gone over is Blue Velvet, a combination of small-town satire and a mystery that taps into a mans most twisted sexual urges. The film takes place in a small town called Lumberton consists basically of four charactersJeffrey, a cl... ...ay from Tomas time and time again, and Tomas proves this when he flees to his second main relationship, between him and Tereza, later on it seemed him and Sabina were about to fall in love. Th e second relationship just mentioned is basically the exact opposite as the first one. Although it began similar to Tomas relationship with Sabina, it evolved throughout the movie to become less and less physical, and more about love. This is basically Tomass main conflict throughout the whole movie although he was truly in love with Tereza and wanted to spend the rest of his life with her, he was unable to connect the physical relationship with the emotional, and Tereza had trouble believing that he truly was in love with her. The main thing the movie is trying to say about relationships is that sex and love are not necessarily the same thing, though they are often connected.

Discuss how the historical, political and social setting of Harper Lees :: English Literature

Discuss how the historical, political and social identifyting of Harper Lees novel To cancel out a Mockingbird contributes to the fears that are present in Maycomb County.Maycomb County had recently been told that it had nothing to fear butfear itself. (Scout Finch, Chapter 1, To Kill a Mockingbird).To Kill A Mockingbird is set in a small town in Maycomb County,Alabama, in the 1930s, which was a dark period in time for America asit had been hit by the Depression. Up until 1929, America had beendoing very well, becoming a much richer country. However in 1929 whenstocks had soared to an all time high, in September they plummeted.This day in recital is known as Black Thursday and is remembered asthe Wall Street Crash of 29. The crash hit communitys interests hardand Americans all over lost a lot of money. Banks had to spend all ofthe money they had on regaining the economy, and agricultural needswere ignored, and didnt seem as important as other things likeindustry. Landowners had l et out land to farmers to grow crops in, andwhen the Wall Street Crash hit them, they precious to regain their land,as it was all they had. Therefore, the crash hit farmers the most andthe productive South was hit very badly because so many people were farmersby trade.There were many black people in the South of America, particularlyAlabama, and there was great racial hatred between them and the faircommunities. The Civil War from 1861-1865 between the North of Americawho wanted the abolition of slavery, and the South who wanted to keepslavery resulted in victory by the North, and slavery was laterabolished. The South had lost its pride, and this was the reason forthe racial hatred. Black people were thought to be inferior to colourpeople and in the 1960s when the novel was written, black communitieswere rioting and causing disturbances to get across the point thatthey were not inferior to white people. After Abolition Black peoplewere terrorised by the Ku Klux Klan, who would b urn them, rape thewomen, and torture the children and the reader is shown an example ofthis in Chapter 15 where a group of white people, go to the countyjail to terrorise Tom Robinson.Maybe this hatred for the Negroes wasnt hatred after all, but broughtabout by fear. As slavery had been abolished, black people wereentitled to the same rights as white people, however they were stillostracised by white people because of their colour.

Essay --

Products and service are created to appeal to a certain market. Creating a strategy with consumers in mind is a target market. To take market a step further market division can be utilized. Target marketing is the term for directing marketing endeavors toward consumers. Breaking down of the market into smaller groups with intention of promoting products or services is identified as market segmentation. Market segmentation divides broad markets into smaller segment groups such as female, male, adult or children. Market segmentation occurs using factors that fit into four categories such as geographic, demographic, psychographic, and behavioral. Nescafe a product of Nestle started as far back as the 1930. Brazil had a substantial supply of coffee and needed assistance with preserving. This was the start of the union between Brazilian government and Nestle. The name originated from the first three letters of Nestle and cafe put together. Nescafe was first introduced in Switzerland d uring the late 1930 and was expected to be a success throughout Europe. However, because o...

Jane Addams Essay -- essays research papers

Jane Addams founded Hull House in 1889, along with her friend Ellen Starr. Jane had a very compassionate heart from the time she was a young girl. Everywhere she went, Jane had a desire to help people less fortunate than herself. Janes father helped shape her to become more charitable to others less fortunate. charge as a young girl Jane wanted to know why all people did not live in nice homes with yards like her own. sensation day she saw a part of town that was run down and she could hardly believe that people could live in such "horrid littler houses. That day Jane decided that she wanted to live in a large house in the middle of an awful place as she had seen. Jane wanted to do this so she could make a difference in the lives of people who lived there.Jane Addams was born on September 6, 1860, in Cedarville, Illinois. One year later the War in the midst of the North and the South started. That same year the telegraph lines reached coast to coast. While Jane was a young g irl, President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated.Jane had the opportunity to go to Rockford Female Seminary at the age of seventeen. It was there at Rockford that Jane decided she wanted to be a missionary in the United States to help the poor. Jane went to Rockford for four years and was an excellent student. She get the highest grades out of every member in her class. Jane enjoyed having fun but was also of a serious nature.After Jane graduated from Rockford, she decided she wanted to be a doctor and work among the poor. Jane went to Philadelphia to go to medical school and because she worked so hard, she became ill and a pain in her back, from her childhood returned. Jane ended up having to stay in bed, strapped to a board, for six months so her back could heal. After Jane recovered from her illness, she still had to wear a tight pas de deux to stop the strain on her back. This brace helped Jane so she was not in pain all the time. Her doctor thought a trip to atomic number 63 w ould help her recover, therefore in August 1882 Jane went to Europe for a vacation.In Europe Jane visited many places, including Ireland, Scotland, and different cities in England. Jane enjoyed London and particularly enjoyed a wax museum called Madame Tussauds waxworks. One Saturday evening in London Jane and her friends were in a poor part of town, and someone told them they would see the late Saturday evening food sale if th... ... changed. She helped with the law that women could only work an eight-hour day, helped set up the frontmost juvenile court, and helped to change the housing for the poor. They even started the first public playground in Chicago. In 1931, Jane Addams was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her work in Womens International group discussion for Peace and Freedom. She served as president of the league from 1915 to 1929.Over the years, Hull house expanded to be a full block. Jane influenced many people. On May 1, 1935, when Jane Addams died, a large number o f those people were there to say good-by. Jane had given her life and all she had to make the lives of the less fortunate better.Blackstock, Josephine. (1950). Jane Addams. Evanston, IL Row, Peterson and Company.Addams, Jane. (1993). The new Grolier CD fixed storage encyclopedia. Grolier Electronic Publishing Co.Addams, Jane. (1991). World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago, IL. World Book Publishing CoHull House. (1991). World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago, IL. World Book Publishing CoHull House. (1993). The new Grolier CD ROM encyclopedia. Grolier Electronic Publishing Co.Nobel Prizes. (1991). World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago, IL. World Book Publishing Co

Who do you think is more successful leader Ralph or Jack? :: Free Essay Writer

Who do you think is more successful leader Ralph or Jack?RalphsElected the leader of the boys at the beginning of the novel,Ralph is the primary representative of order, civilization, andproductive leadership in the novel. While most of the other boys areconcerned with playing, having fun, and avoiding land at the beginningof the novel, Ralph sets about building huts and thinking of ports tomaximize their chances of being rescued. For this reason, Ralphspower and influence over the other boys are extremely proficient at thebeginning of the novel. However, as the book progresses and the groupsuccumbs to savage instincts, Ralphs position declines precipitouslyas Jacks station rises. Eventually, all the boys leave Ralphs groupfor Jacks, and Ralph is left just to be hunted by Jacks tribe.Ralph never seriously considers joining Jacks tribe in order to savehimself. Ralphs commitment to civilization and morality is verystrong, and his chief(prenominal) wish is to be rescued and returne d to the societyof adults. In a sense, this strength gives Ralph a moral victory atthe difference of the nova, leadership qualities were to inspire arroganceby providing hope for the rest of the group (we will get food hunt.Catch things until they fetch us), or example the fire was used tosignal and to clear only attentions he said (you rub two sticks. yourub), to any passing ships or planes. We see many events throughRalphs eyes, and are given many insights into the way he feels aboutevents and people. Ralph was liked thus he was chosen as leader, hewas fair, by him giving the group the right to speak whenever they are safekeeping the conch.As always a successful leader needs some courage to face enemies andothers who try to intrude, against his followers with his superiorityof mind control and non physically has a set of rules and bydefinition of LEADER is a person who rules or guides or inspiresothers. Ralphs character does not only lead the group, that he alsoattracts us th e readers too, to the novel and also makes us, thereaders want to know what would happen and if he is going to besuccessful doing his job as a leader or not.When the little ones do not help out Ralph does not react in a violentway he is mollify and relaxed about them building sand castles, becausehe does not expect them to help. yet because they have had less timelearning about the ways of society.By the end of the book, Ralphs position changes and shows that his

Employee Participation Essay

Of all the subjects controlled by the societal, public, and employment strategy set by the European Union (EU), the intrinsic worth of implementing employer confederacy in the administration of businesses on a wide purpose has turned out to be super contentious over the years. The obligations put forward by the EU, for example, equivalent opportunities for employees as that of employers, operational or working timing, and unusual contracts, all of them, time and again, pass triggered disagreements amid employers. notwithstanding the fact that an increasing number of organizations are turning out to be of interest in employee participation as a possible meacertain(p) for expanding fatigue efficiency and trimming down nonattendance, staff resignation rate, and rate of recurrence of industrial disagreements. Considered as the most hostile and invasive, is that kind of employee participation, which outwardly inflicts constrictions on the counsels perquisites or their privilege f or that matter.Traditional executives dread, though, that due to the pressures on an employee participation system, grounding on their temporary, peculiar interests would, among early(a) things, steer to too much plight upsurge. These could possibly lead to a decline of internal principal on hand for investing or capital spending in the short depart and for moving the available capital out of the country in the long run. It is much unexpected that there has been very slight economic evaluation of the position familiarity with employee participation.The major(ip)ity of researches turn out dealt with the topic entirely from a philosophical, historical, or sociological perspective. (Svejnar, pp. 1, n. d. ) Recently, employee participation has grown into a central point in labor-management discourse and a significant matter on the European political arena. (Raskin, n. p. , 1976) In certain countries systemized work force has been revealing an urge for involvement in management, as a way of democratizing the whole business systems and policies.Lately, though, this gravity has intensified, nonetheless, creating numerous problems, which are in fact, compounded by a number of reasons, one, and a very major, of which is the utter form of standing official and legal mannequins within the associate states of the EU. Various Systems followed by the EU Member States Considering the member states of the EU, the employee participation and example at executive level, for instance, is prerequisite in private corporations situated in Germany, Austria, Luxembourg, and most Scandinavian countries.On the other hand, countries like France and the Netherlands practice the hybrid form, while there are still others like Greece and Spain, which allow for this kind of system only in the communal or public sector. In contrast, countries such as, Italy, Belgium and the UK constitute no stipulation at all. (EIRO, pp. I-IV, 1998) The principles and conventions regulating works coun cils and coalition representation at workplace or sub-executive levels evenly complicated. In the Scandinavian countries, Italy, Ireland and the UK, there happens to be single convey of representation via the joint associations.In case of dual channel system of representation, the employees are spoken for by work councils, which function beside the unions. In countries like France and Belgium, the carriage presides over the work council however in the majority of other countries, for example Portugal, the Netherlands, and Germany, the work councils simply contain employee representatives. On the other hand, in Ireland and the UK, employee representation has conventionally been identified merely on a voluntary base, even though elsewhere it is regulated by established regularises or communal agreements.Rationales The concepts of a pop organization, employee involvement and employee participation have sustained arguments and disagreements. The degree to which the management is rea dy to let their employees to take part in matters concerning decisions about their lives at work is in fact one of the most complicated, vibrant debated features of employment relations as they have developed in technologically advanced countries. All pertain parties differ in their interests and viewpoints.In general, the managers suppose that the employees should be assimilated into organizations frameworks to make certain that they realize the organizations intentions, targets and objectives and can add into its success. Unions, on the other hand, may possibly be keen to hold out their impact over the managements decision making to making sure that their own priorities, for example power over work patterns, or in cases when employment patterns are stable, are suitably met.System Followed by Germany The system of employee participation is developed and regulated by the German co-determination law. This law making has its origin in the Weimar Constitution of 1919, which, grounded on a social-democratic philosophy, created constraints on personal rights over give birthions and took assist for the social privileges and entitlement to life of its people. to a lower place the Article No. 65 of the very Constitution, it was publicly stated that the waged working staff was to be granted correspondence with managers in settling with salaries and working circumstances and to be allowed a full opportunity to express opinions when deciding the overall economic advancement. The 1920 Works Councils Act specified that organizations with no less than twenty workers ought to set up a works council made up of representatives opted for at workplaces, which consult with the posting on the carrying out of business objectives. both years later, the directional was revised to allow works council representation of a couple of their members in directorial management of corresponding organizations and restricted involvement in the boards decision making process. These were the fundamental developments that molded the base for co-determination law. Both the Weimar Constitution and the Works Council were done away with as the Nazis rule made its entrance. The directive, on the other hand, was revitalized in the shape of the Coal, Iron and Steel Industry Co-determination Act of 1951.The Act was originally designed for the coal and sword firms employing greater than a thousand employees but then later, in 1976, the Co-determination Act enfolding all large organizations was legislated and is presently in effect. In case of major and significant organizations, the present structure grants for an equal number of twenty representatives to in the same way be represented by stockholders and employees, with the stockholders decided on at the general stockholders meeting.The worker representatives include delegates from workers associations and those chosen from all the different levels of workers. The twofold technique of industrial relations in Germany has maintai ned incorporated bargaining and the ascertaining of lucre and specifications, not together with the subject of participation for example data release, discussions, meetings and co-determination. Here the industrial relations system has been portrayed as sanctioned, integrated, and cooperative.Focusing on the effects of employee participatory system in Germany, regarding the wages, both in short and long-run, the representation is said to be quite a fruitful one, because it gives evident examples of several(prenominal) participatory systems from the post World War II events to the Co determination law of 1951, which provided employees with 50% representation on the executive boards. The very Act is overly said to have created the rank of a labor director on the management panels of all corporations.Despite of the fact that the employee participatory and representative groups in Germany were considered as distinct from the trade unions and the process of wage determination, an unc ertainty comes up that whether their effect on wages was in fact missing. In real, there happens to be a considerable connection surrounded by unions and the employee representative groups in relation to their workforce, their objectives and activities. But without any reason, it is said that the union and board representatives diverge substantially in their opinions as to the influence of employee participation and representation on wages.Having a unique system of employee participation in corporate management, the German corporate system is said to have some gain. The very advantage appears when it is about effectively testing out and verifying mistreatments by the management. The German corporate system is a twofold one, where the administrative management performs the role of corporate surveillance, whereas the executive board accountable for execution. Originally, the Co determination Act was envisioned to arbitrate the possible disagreements or conflicting interests between t he employees and employers and was highly in the favor of workforce.Currently it has been moving on, assuming to an increased level, the function of managing the corporate administration. Although there is some disapproval regarding the fact that the legislation has mislaid its essence with reported circumstances where the board treated employee representatives, in a way to high officials accommodated for and by them, it stays to be a considerable extent to elevate the understanding of societal responsibilities and obligations amid corporate managers and their movements for public causes. (Otsuka, pp. 3, 2006)System followed in the UK In the UK, the whole world is observed through a prism of collective bargaining by unions, which has provided industrial relations with an argumentative placement. Contrasting with the sanctioned, integrated, and cooperative industrial relations followed in Germany, the UKs system is voluntary, dispersed, and opposition-based. (William, pp. V, 1988) H owever, such divergences havent been taken much into consideration by the Commission of the European Communities, when it is time for them to propose systems of employee participation.In the year 1970, the European company statute and the Fifth directive were founded widely on the basis of the German model but did not have much appeal for the UK. Moreover, amid the important factors, particularly governments, point of views regarding employee participation have gone through periods of interest and aggression. Taking successive UK governments as instances, the governments in the 1970s, both the materialistic and Labour, were normally in favour of the propositions included in the European company statute and the Fifth directive for employee participation and representation at managements level.But on the other hand, in the 1980s and 1990s, the Conservative governments were unbendingly against all systems of employee participation, even though these situations were, as a minimum, part ly looked over when the succeeding Labour government, in 1997, endorsed the social chapter, and in so doing established European Works Councils into the UK. (Gold, pp. 2 , n. d. ) If looked upon in the past, the Commission has been prosperous in achieving approval for the system of employee participation when it is connected with certain areas of industrial relations.According to the 1975 directive on collective redundancies, the employers are required to notify employee representatives concerning the particulars and to refer to them with a view to pursuing an agreement. Then there was an acquired rights directive of 1977, after that, the health and safety framework directive of 1989, which provided the employees the privilege to acquire information on threat considerations and safety measures.More recently, the statute adopted in 2004, provides employee representatives in the organizations included several rights to information and consultation without any bias. However, the implem entation of all these employee rights has time and again, proved challenging in the UK, because the commandments put away the characterization of employee representatives up to the states legislation.Under the critical environment of sinking union membership, and prior to the arrival of legislative stipulations for union recognition, leave alone worker representation, this has implied that managers frequently do not possess representatives to advise or consult. In 1994, the European Court of Justice, brought forward two litigations against the UK for failing to suitably implement the directives passed in 1975, and the transfer of responsibilities, instructed that it was mandatory for all the EU states to establish appropriate systems for assigning suitable employee representatives.In the UK, the Bullock commissioning was established by the government to assess the matter of executive-level employee representation, but managers and several other officials of the labour movement prov ed intimidating, and the Conservative governments voted for during the course of 1980s and 1990s ruled out any possibility of lawmaking on the issue, as it has a need of an undisputed, common vote on the Council. Nonetheless, a Green Paper was published in 1975, by the Commission, to inspect the major disagreements provoked. The Social and Economic Committee along with the European Parliament both argued upon the topic in detail.To close, the Commission assumed an amended text, in 1953, on the draft Fifth which has not been withdrawn officially up till now. Conclusion In my opinion, keeping in mind all the aforementioned prospects of employee participation and representation, the UK should certainly respect all the directives passed by the EU and all other Unions formed in coalition with all the European states and should give up its present times general framework, under which representation only occurs through unions, and which leaves large gaps in stipulation in those organizatio ns where union membership is vulnerable and sometimes even non-existent.It is necessary for the UK to revive itself from creation insulate in the Council, and should bring about measures in order to mobilise its blocking minority. Following the German twofold system, which is better in every way, and also being successful in introducing European Works Councils, it has been foreseen and seen respectively, by the UK employers themselves that this has enhanced their effectiveness in granting a medium for information exchange

Case: “Lessons on Leadership from Ann Fudge”

Openness to Experience The way she approaches problems, learns new-sprung(prenominal) information, and responds to new experiences are generateing that she is open to new experiences and curious. For example, she willingly took 2 years off to travel and see the worldtry new thingsand define her life by more than her career (Hughes, Ginnett & Curphy, 2012, p. 233). She exposed herself to new cultures and ideas. She is very strategic and has her eye on the big-picture which indicates her high level of openness to experience. Agreeableness How does she get along with others, as opposed to getting ahead of others?Again, it is potential she would score high on this factor. She is about being out with people (customers and employees) and listening to them. She has the ability to interact effectively with alone constituencies of a consumer business. She could engage all three constituents in the same day. She is approachable and optimistic. Extraversion Fudge is self-confident, competit ive, likes being around people (and in a team environment), decisive, goal-oriented, and drives to make an impact. Neuroticism How does she react to stress, failure, and personal criticism? Moderate to high on this factor.As her old boss pointed out, she is very comfortable with who she is and is not interested in pretending to be mortal else (Hughes, Ginnett & Curphy, 2012, p. 233). This indicates she can handle the personal criticism and deal with it. However, the fact that she decided to take some time off and do other things might show she was not dealing with the stress and pressure well. Analytic Intelligence Although not as important in this case, her track record for high levels of success and slaying indicates she likely has a high degree of general mental ability.Practical Intelligence Also known as street smarts, has been important in her new job. She has use her knowledge of the business and industry to land some very big new clients to the firm (i. e. , Microsoft, To ys R Us). Benefits It allowed her to gain new and broader experiences. Perhaps, even it helped increasing her fealty to various and diverse ideas as a way to stimulate thinking and business. She was overly true to herself about what she wanted to do to define her life. In addition, it also provided her with a chance to take a break and recharge her battery (and avoid urnout)in the end this has the chance to make her more of an asset to her government and employees. Drawbacks Leaving the industry for 2 years could result in losing contact with the industry as well as updating the current trends. It might appal her credibility in the sense that others thought she could not hack it when things were getting tough. The perceptions others have might be an initial hurdle, but Fudge appears to have unclutter this and other potential drawbacks and is leading Y&R back to the top in this industry.

Kerala Essay

Kerala, the Gods Own Country, lies in the thorough Southern part of India. It has an area of 38863 sq. km and a population of 3. 18 crores. Kochi, or more familiarly, cochin is a city of many parts. Around for a long, long time, Kochi played a pivotal role in the development of shipping and trade in the region. Kochis prime location on the western United States coast, its fine bay and protected harbor made it popular with seafarers and merchant ships who made frequent stops to stock up on spices, coffee and timberland enroute to the rich markets of Europe and West Asia.And so down the ages, Kochi prospered as a busy port city and commercial centre. Its seafront is still extremely relevant to Cochin and to India it houses a Naval Base and one of Indias busiest ports. Its twin city, Ernakulam, is an important railhead and industrial centre. Kerala Gods own Country tagline has been used because of its location, landscape and its surroundings.It is the amalgamation of lush and trop ical Malabar Coast on the west along with verdant backwaters in the centre ranging from Cochin to Kollam and Nilgiri mountain range covered with tea plantations in the east. Kerala The Gods own country Kerala, meaning land of coconut trees, is one of the relatively well kept secrets of all the exotic destinations in the world. However, Keralas popularity has increased over recent years. National Geographic travel magazine lists Kerala among the fifty must see locations in the world. Not surpirisingly, the State touristry Department promotes Keralas natural beauty, breathtaking lush landscape and tropical beaches as Gods own country. The result has been a signifiant inflow of tourists and foreign visitors. The Sanskrit saying athithi devo bhava( treat your guest like God, with respect and honour) is ingrained in the collective ethos of the people of Kerala.

Participants in the study Essay

Of the 40 participants in the study, 26 delivered the maximum shocks while 14 stopped so unitaryr reaching the highest levels. It is important to none that many of the represss became extremely agitated, distraught and angry at the experimenter. Yet they continued to follow orders all the way to the end. So 65% of the participants in Milgrams study delivered the maximum shocks. There were also questions asked regarding the ethics of the study, if we compargon it to the British Psychology lodges summary of ethics guidelines (1990) for the take of psychological experiments.General Distress Distress to participants must be avoided nevertheless does non seem to be the field in this research with participants concerned they are harming the learner. Informed Consent this must be gained with an explanation of the research where ever possible. In this study to the give the participant a full explanation would not have had the results that they got in the low place. They would hav e caused questions regarding the validity of the research. This then leads us to- Deception They were not fully aware of what was going on or the aims and objectives of the research so therefore they were deceived.Debriefing Milgram fully debriefed the participants and did this extensively and out of all of the participants that 84% were glad to have participated, while only 1% regretted their involvement. The right to hold the participant does have this right but this was not really the case here as here when a participant wanted to stop the experiment, the experimenter probed the subject to continue, pressure was added to continue the study so as not to affect the data. Protection of Participants now this is from both physical and psychological harm which was not the case in either component.This study would not be able to be completed today due to the ethical issues affecting this but as you byword in the results that it did prove that race would obey even after they belie ve its wrong. Now if we look at Zimbardos (1971) in his study The Stanford prison Experiment he was looking to see people conforming to social roles according to what people believe about a given situation. So for casing this was how the prisoners would obey the guards orders if they believed that they were in jail. The reason that this appealed to Zimbardo was he was a former class mate of Milgram and was interested in expanding on his research.Zimbardo set the experiment by first placing an advert in the paper asking for male students to participant in a prison life experiment. The students who applied there were 24 in total they were selected from larger group that had applied for the study because they had no psychological issues, medical condition and no criminal backgrounds. They were all agreed to be in for one to two weeks for the experiment. The experiment was due to last two weeks but this had to be stopped early due to what was happening to the participants.The guards became abusive and prisoners began to show signs of extreme disquiet and stress. Neither the prisoners nor the guards were advised on how to interact with the each other. The guards began to behave kindred real life guards but they were also aggressive towards the prisoners, and the prisoners became passive and depressed. Five of the prisoners began to have it off such severe negative emotions, that they had to be released from the study early. According to Zimbardo and his colleagues, experiment shows the powerful role that a situation can play in humanity behaviour.Because the guards were move in a position of power, they began to behave in ways they would not normally in their everyday lives or in other situations. The prisoners, placed in a situation where they had no real control, became passive and depressed. The experiment could like Milgrams could not be repeated by researchers today because it fails to stand the standards established by numerous ethical codes which I am going to look at now, by comparing the experiment to the British Psychology Societys summary of ethics guidelines (1990) for the conduct of psychological experiments.General Distress this was caused to both the prisoners and the guards, as the prisoners were humiliated and the guards became more and more aggressive which was caused by them absent to do what they were supposed to do. Informed Consent This was again something that they were unable to do as this may have had an effect on the results of the experiment, the participants were aware of certain things like that they were part of a prison experiment but not the aims and objectives of the experiment.Deception due to the fact they the participants were not fully aware of what was going on and what was expect or wanted means there is a certain level of deception in the experiment. Debriefing Zimbardo did debrief all of the participants but there has been suggestions that this was not enough or a through as Milgrams debr iefing process. Right To Withdraw Like during the Milgram experiment the participants did have the right to withdraw but when they asked or showed that they wanted to leave they were persuaded to stay.Eventually a few of the participants had to be allowed to leave early as they were beginning to show extreme stress. Protection of Participants this was the biggest area that was had ethics question raised, the participants were under a lot of stress, they began to believe the things that were being verbalize to them and how they were being spoken to, they began to lose their identity which again caused stress, many of the participants became frantic under this pressure and some even became aggressive. The guards were inflicting this on them but this was situational.The experiment came to an end early when another psychologist realised on how far this had gone. Even Zimbardo himself said that he began to believe that he was the prison warden not the lead psychologist. Despite the criticism that this study received it is still important in psychology and how a situation can define behaviour. The study more recently was brought to light when there were questions being asked of soldiers treatment of prisoners in Abu Ghraib, and many people and even Zimbardo himself suggested that this may have been the real world example of what he was trying to achieve through research.To conclude there are many things that influence behaviour in people, wither that be their own beliefs and opinions or other people being around them at the time, they way in which people motion is very complex and the study although brilliant at the times with the break through that they made into the social side of psychology have raised questions everyplace the ethical issues that are also something to be looked at.Today the studies would not have been able to take place and in some ways this is a compassion as we would not may be have had the knowledge that we have now because of them. Y et if they had thought of other ways around to come up with the same type of results then this would have been better for all of the subjects concerned. I think the research that was done was invaluable and that psychologists will always believe this well(p) the questions over the methods leave a small black cloud over something rather brilliant.ReferencesBooks Cardwell, Clark, Meldrum, Wadeley. Psychology A2 for AQA (Fourth Edition) HarperColins. Gross, Richard Psychology, the Science of Mind and Behaviour -Hodder and Stoughton Gross, Richard. , McIlveen, Rob. , Coolican, Hugh. , Clamp, Alan & Russell, Julia. Psychology a untested introduction for A2 Hodder and Stoughton. Websiteshttp//wilderdom.com

Christianity vs. Mythology Essay

For many centuries, superannuated Greek mythology has played an instrumental role in the development and foundation of all societies. The superannuated myths form through Greek Mythology has given meaning to the world people saw around them and helped answer perplexing questions much(prenominal) as, Who made the world? How will it end? Who was the first man? Where do souls go after d run downh?. In fact, Greek mythology has provided meaning to people and the world around them in the same way Christianity and Judaism does.Greek mythology can relate to Christianity and Judaism such that they all were based off oral tradition, they have helped mankind develop a community that sh atomic number 18s a common world view through lesson way of life, and they all respond to our quest for wonder, the mystical and the unknown. Nonetheless, it is necessary to try and understand that both past Greeks and old-fashioned Christians may have held similar beliefs near the world they were living in.In old-fashioned Mythology, although there were no written texts that presented the several myths and stories such as the Christian Bible or the Hebrew Torah, the earliest Greek myths were part of an oral tradition. Ancient Greek myths, in their unknown beginnings, are believed to have been formed and passed on by oral tradition, meaning the myths originated from story-telling. The spread of Greek myths can relate to the early spread of Christianity and Judaism in the respect that the stories in the Bible and the Torah were stories about the sayings and acts of Jesus as told by story tellers long before they were ever recorded into a written text.Greek mythology, Christianity and Judaism are also similar such that they all teach a moral way of life and help mankind share a common world view. Almost all ancient Greek myths were constructed to teach some sort of lesson or moral, for example, in the story of Arachne. In the story, Arachne expressed extreme pride in her weave skill s in Ancient Greece, having too much pride was considered a very unfavorable quality to acquire. Arachne believed her weaving abilities were far more superior than that of Athenas, the goddess of weaving, so she challenged her to a weaving contest.In the end, Arachnes skills did not even compare to Athenas and Athena turned her into a spider. The story teaches that excessive pride and having a giant ego is not considered acceptable if one wants to like a purely moral life. Like Greek mythology, Judaism and Christianity also strive to teach mankind how to outlive a fulfilling, moral life through the Ten Commandments. The Ten Commandments in Judaism and Christianity are a set of laws that God gave to the people of Israel that represent the main moral code of behavior every person should try to follow in order to live a spiritually pure and moral life.Finally, Greek mythology, Christianity and Judaism are similar because they all attempt to answer our perplexing questions and wonders about the world we live in. For instance, one similarity lies with the stories of creation The story of Pandoras Box in Greek mythology and the Book of Genesis in Judaism and Christianity. In the story of Pandoras Box, Pandora was the first woman created and she was given a box by the Gods that she was told to never open. In the end, her curiosity overcame her, she opened the box and out came all the evils of the world.The story in the Book of Genesis is very similar- God created Adam and Eve and commanded them not to eat the fruit from the forbidden tree. Eventually, a serpent appeared to Eve and convinced her to eat the forbidden fruit. She persuaded her partner, Adam, to eat the fruit also and as a result, sin engulfed the world. The ancient Greeks and early Christians tried to find an explanation for the evil in the world, and both blame a woman for mankinds downfall.

Occupational Safety and Heath Administration Essay

OSHA stands for the occupational Safety and Heath Administration, which is a US agency for the Department of Labor. OSHAs priority is the safety of workers and wellness protection. OSHA was created and passed by Congress in 1970. Until 1970, there were no US laws protecting employees safety and health in the work force and this is why OSHA came to be. at that place are workers who do not qualify for protection by OSHA public employees, mine workers, truck and transportation workers, atomic energy employees, immediate members of farming families who do not employ outside employees, and the self employed. Some employees are covered by other plans and federal agencies. OSHAs mission is to provide job cooking programs that increase employees knowledge about safety and health in the work place, developing job safety and health standards by enforcing them through inspections and maintaining records system of property track of accidents and illnesses on the job. About 5500 people die eac h year from work related injuries. Over 4 million non-fatal injuries and illnesses are reported each year.OSHA is important for US organizations and for their continuous compliance with the agency. How do organizations keep up with OSHAs regulations? There are plenty of options available and some that may live hundreds of dollars to the organizations and there are some that can be absolutely free. OSHA updater services will cost the organization money but are the better pickax for staying on top of OSHAs changes to their regulations. The free OSHA updaters will require using online resources. Tips for making sure an organization stays up to date following OSHAs guidelines would be make sure to hold regular safety meetings with an up to date safety log. This is brownie points as well in case of a visit from OSHA to the organization occur. Different occupations require different levels of safety learning. Hazardous occupations require more in depth and frequent trainings. Not prope rly training employees to OSHA standards can cost an organization some hefty fines. OSHA and safety training classes are generally available at job search/training centers and biotic community colleges and many companies now require their employees to take these classes if not provided directly onthe job site during the initial hire in process.ResourcesUNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, Occupational Safety & Health, Introduction to OSHA, INSTRUCTOR GUIDE, April 2011 https//www.osha.gov/dte/outreach/intro_osha/intro_to_osha_guide.htmltopic_1B&T Concrete, CONCRETE COATINGS, Blog, How to Stay Informed with OSHA Regulations, Blog by Teribery, M. http//btcoatingservices.com/how-to-stay-informed-with-osha-regulations/

Miss Julie” by August Strindberg and “Death In Venice” by Thomas Mann Essay

The presentation of the theme and the briny characters of Miss Julie by deluxe Strindberg and finish In Venice by Thomas Mann.The comparative study provide examine the theme of lust and love, and the analogousities surrounded by the two main characters from the play Miss Julie by idealistic Strindberg and the Novel Death in Venice by Thomas Mann. The main characters from each story come from a higher class, and they are expected to act noble, but somehow they both fail because of their desires for love and lust.August Strindberg wishes to portray a high class family that have certain standards and values, that Miss Julie the daughter of the family, fails to fulfill. Miss Julie flirts with the consideration and looses her virginity to him, her curiosity for the servant dissolving agents in her being dishonored by people around her. Her lust for the servant makes her weak and in the end she commits suicide because she was provoked by the servant called blue jean.In Thomas M anns novel on the other hand, the main character is a man called Gustav von Aschenbach, who comes off as a button-down and somewhat religious man. He is a known author that travels to Venice and comes across a male child that fascinates him, his fascination makes him follow the young boy called Tadzio around Venice. Even at a young suppurate Tadzio is well aware of his beauty, and he uses it to capture Aschenbachs attention and his curiosity. Aschenbach too, suffocates because of his love for Tadzio. Aschenbach gets pois wizd by the cholera epidemic in Venice. He dies while watching Tadzio on the beach, he dies in his chair.Miss Julie is a daughter of a calculation and therefore she is wealthy, and has a full staff of servants. Miss Julie seems like a very forthcoming person, she approaches the staff and talks to them. matchless in particular, the servant called dungaree. One midsummer night Miss Julie grabs blue jean and dances with him, but it was not a subtle dance, deni m describes it while talking to his fianc Christine. dungaree I took the count to the station, and when I came back by the barn, I went in and had a dance and there I adage a young lady leading the dance with the gamekeeper.But when she caught sight of me, she rushed right up to me and asked me to dance the ladies waltz with her. And ever since shes been waltzing like well, I never saw the like of it. Shes crazy.1This is an example of how Miss Julie approaches people, in a confident elbow room.When you read the dialogue between Jean and Miss Julie through reveal the book, it is noticeable that Jean is doing all the talking, and philosophizing, Miss Julie sits with him alone in the kitchen and listens carefully. Their web site is a problematic one, because even though Jean is Miss Julies servant he is excessively a man, and because of the time the story takes place, the man is above the woman.Miss Julie looses her virginity to Jean in the kitchen, and afterwards Jean has sexual intercourse with Miss Julie he realizes that she has no honor or money herself.She realizes what her lust for him has make her do, she will now become dishonored by her dad and everyone around her. Jean disrespects her, even though he was the one who just slept with her, and Miss Julie doesnt know what to do with herself?Julie Help me, help me promulgate me lone(prenominal) what I am to do where I am to turn?Jean O lord, if only I knew myselfJulie I have been exasperated, I have been mad, but there ought to be some way of saving myself.Jean Stay right here and keep quiet, Nobody knows anything.Julie Impossible The people know, and Christine knows.Jean They dont know, and they would never believe it possible.Julie (hesitating) But it might happen again. 2This dialogue is a clear example of their relationship, Miss Julie seemed confident in the start, but because of her developing feelings for Jean she becomes insecure, and starts to ask Jean what do to.The play ends with Miss Ju lie following Jeans advice and committing suicide, so she would not have to rest her mistakes. She looses all her power, and nobility by sleeping with the servant. In the end it is obvious to observe that Miss Julie just now just wanted a man that could take care of her, and her lusts took over her greens sense. Miss Julies dilemma is very controversial, because what she was doing was very common amongst the male aristocrats. This is a typical example of inequality between sexesThomas Manns controversial novel portrays a man called Gustav von Aschenbach who is an author that travels to Venice alone on a trip.When he arrives in Venice he is very observant, and he notices different people around him, acting light and he almost gets appalled by their behavior. He saw an elderly man with a hide on, entertaining some younger people.They seemed to be tolerating his presence among them as something habitual and to taken for granted, they treated him as an equal, reciprocated without e mbarrassment when he teasingly poked them in the ribs. How was this possible? 3This is why Aschenbach is a very conservative man, who does not see beyond his own black and white world. This is one thing that changes on his trip, after checking in to his hotel, he notices a Polish family, amongst them there is a young boy who startles Aschenbach, his beauty startles him and the boy called Tadzio catches Aschenbachs full attention.Aschenbachs love and desire for the boy persuades himself to make up an excuse to verification in Venice, even though he was well-nigh to leave because of his bad health contour.His weeks in Venice result in him sitting by the beach and observing Tadzio.One day, Tadzio turns around and looks directly at Aschenbach, he stares at him in a cocky way, as if he is self aware of his beauty and how Aschenbach feels about him.Aschenbach merely convinces himself that he only has an abstract and artistic interest.Though it is obvious that he has gotten a dear obses sion for him, and started to almost love him.The city of Venice was infected with a bad cholera epidemic, Aschenbach can look how bad it had gotten, but instead of leaving or staying inside he continues to walk around, as if it is a sense of redemption for what he is thinking.Aschenbach knows himself that what he is doing, and thinking is wrong. His fascination for the boy has taken over his common sense. He does not approach Tadzio but he follows him around Venice, and he dreams about him, and discovers his sexual lusts.One afternoon he goes to the lobby and finds out that the Polish family is leaving, then even in his ill condition he goes to the beach to watch Tadzio for the last time. Tadzio is standing unsupervised by the beach and looking out at the water, he looks back at his admirer, Aschenbach tries to get up but falls back in his chair and dies.Miss Julie was written in 1888, and Death in Venice was written in 1912. There are not many similarities between the authors, and the styles these two stories were written in.Yet they do have similar themes and similar characters. Lust and love, was what drove both main characters to act differently, and controversial to what they are use to. They both die because of there actions, which were made because of their desires.Both the stories are tragedies but expressed in very different ways, one through a play another through a novel.Miss Julie and Gustav Von Aschenbach have both suffered, suffered what they unremarkably would believe was a good thing, love. It was forbidden love and lust.BibliographyStrindberg, August. Miss Julie. New York Dover Publications, 1992. Print.Thomas, Mann,. Death in Venice and other stories. London Vintage, 1998. Print.1 Miss Julie, August Strindberg P.22 Miss Julie, August Strindberg P.253 Death in Venice, Thomas Mann P.211

Why Farts Are Awesome

People are overly uptight. Or maybe populate just dont realize how funny remark breaking winding actually is. And by people, I mean the feminine half of the population. The difference in reliance seemween the sexes on the humorous foster of a good fart is ace of the most telling signs that men are far much evolved than women. Or at least begin a better sense of humor. Dammit, farts are funny. So what brought this on, you lease? Well today at work, I had to fart. So naturally I ran over to where cardinal of my coworkers was standing, lift my leg, scrunched my represent up, and let er rip. Apparently, that was rude.Well, excuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu uuuuuuuuuuuse me. After I farted on my coworker, every single male works starting laughing their asses off, and the females looked at me as if Id just committed the most heinous crime one can commit. The manager tried to keep the peace by politely asking me to not fart on people, but it was one of those times where youre trying to tell somebody not to do something, barely you just cant stop laughing. I was forced to admit that farting on someone is rude. Yeah, so? Its also very freakin hilarious.We do it to each other all the time, well, the guys any commission. Well run over to each others workstations, rip one off, then run away laughing as the other person covers their nose. Then an hour posterior theyll get us back. And you know what? Its damn funny too. So of course when I farted on my coworker people asked me if I would think its funny if someone farted on me. Not especially, but it would be damn funny to them, and if they did it to me and didnt laugh, Id kick their ass. Of course it isnt funny if youre on the receiving end, but its comedic gold if you deliver a well-timed smoke to a friend.The humor value of a fart is judged by the level of humor in the eye of the farter and the third-party au fatiguence, if applicable. The fartees perspective doesnt count. That s the whole point of getting a good laugh at the expense of others. I dont mind if people get a laugh at my expense. Its the rules of the game, you live by the sword and die by the sword. I can take a fart from someone else, but you can bet your ass Ill be delivering one with your name on it. You see, if God didnt want people to fart on each other, he wouldnt have made it so funny.God wants us to fart in the funniest mode possible. Usually that involves assaulting the nasal passages of your fellow man. Farting is just funny. I mean think about it, it stinks, it defecates a funny noise, and it comes out of your ass, how could it possibly get any funnier than that? As a matter of fact, I repugn you to name five things in life that are funnier than nailing somebody else with a big stinky fart. I dont think its possible. To help all of you appreciate the art of farting a little more, I have taken the liberty of coming up with a few farting tips from a farting pro.If possible, suffer certain someone else gets the pleasure of smelling your fart. A fart nobody else smells or hears is an opportunity ineffectual and lost forever. If you have to fart and youre standing next to someone, bend your ass and aim toward them. This doesnt really make it any smellier for them, but it adds dramatic effect and makes the experience funnier. If you have to fart, and nobody is standing right next to you, hunt someone down, then lift your leg, scrunch up your face, and let it go.For bonus points, try to corner someone and then fart on them. Also for bonus, get down on your knees as though youre looking for something on the ground. Ask for help. As soon as the good samaritan gets on their knees to help you, apace move your ass right up next to their face and let go. When someone is giving their opinion and you have to fart, dictate You know what I think about that? and then scrunch up your face and fart. When you have to fart and someone is walking in your direction, hold th e fart until the are directly piece of tail you, then release.If youre sitting down when you fart, lift the ass archness facing the person nearest to you, that way they get the full effect. Upon completion of the fart, say aaaaaaaaaaaaahhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh, as though youve just taken an eleven-pound shit. Quickly read the fart as your own handiwork, especially to those who didnt hear it. If you dont tell them, they may never know you just farted. Raise your arms over your head as though youve just won the World hulk Title in front of thousands of people. Announce what it was that made you fart. Make sure to use lots of description. alternatively than say I need to stop eating so much Mexican food, say God damn, those three bean burritos went right through me, Ill be lucky if I dont get diarrhea. reveal to all around you how the fart felt as it came out. For example, was it a wet one? A cheek burner? Did you feel like a giant gas bubble in your stomach popped with the fart s release? Do you need to go to the restroom just to make sure a little feces didnt flow as well? Rate the fart. Unless it was a dud, in which case you shouldnt have done all the buildup. still if it was a good one, talk about what a great fart it was and how you wish youd had a scene camera.

Inspiration: Disability and Final Lap

Disability and Final Lap BY cancans Inspiration Life Is Like photography. You need the negatives to develop. Do you always think of what people say nigh you? Does It affect your dally basis and break ware your motivation and inspiration? Always try to keep down negative people, they feed on your reaction and if they see you being affected by what they say or do, theyll keep doing it. If paralysis had their minds posted to the bad comments people give, they wouldve never reached success.The reason why I chose the Paralytics kinda of the Olympics as inspiration, is the fact that paralysis are disabled and they need o work so ofttimes harder to gain a certain goal. Their disability can easily break their will to keep on working towards these goals as well as their mindset and motivation. Being disabled keeps you humble because you know what it feels interchangeable to have nothing, to lose something very important wish their legs etc. Or to work twice as hard as people with no disability.Its like a little voice that whispers to them maybe when it seems like the whole world is shouting no. Paralysis never know how impregnable they are, until being strong is the only choice they have. That is why they are an inspiration to so earthy people. They teach you that discipline Is the outer space between reality and your dreams and you need to appreciate the little things In life because one day youre personnel casualty to look back and realize that it was the big things.People tend to be more inspired by disabled people because even though they have lost something they still work hard to gain something to interchange what theyve lost. They know, when you truly want success, youll never give up on it. No matter how bad the berth may get. Of course what they do are challenging but challenges are what make life enkindle and overcoming them Is what makes life meaningful. They would also tell you that they never underestimate their strength and never overestima te their weaknesses and thats why most of them are humble.At the Olympics in London in the year 2012, there was four deferent swimmers One with two girds and Just one leg, one with both arms and no legs, one with half an arm and the most important one, one with no arms. To start the swimming competition you have to jump in the water and hold on to the blocks. The man with no arms couldnt so they tied a bullock block on a piece of string and attached the string to the block and he put the en In his mouth. He swam the fastest fifty meters anyone couldve ever seen.In the first lap he was in the channelize and everyone was standing for two reasons one, he is winning and two, how is he going to turn? He slowed down, bumped his head turned. The uphold lap was breast stroke, not his strongest and at the end of the second lap he dropped down to third base place. He turned for the third lap. This time its the butterfly . He gets to the end of the third lap and dropped down to fourth p lace. He turns for the final lap. This time its freestyle, his fastest stroke. He was quicker in the freestyle than any early(a) stroke.In the final lap, this man went from fourth place to third, from third to second and with a meter to go, the crowd on their feet as his head Is in front of the man next to him. But he didnt win because the man next to order to succeed, your desire for success should be greater than your fear of failure and thats why he was happy with second place. His motivation was so powerful that he kept humble and gained his goal of come through in what he does. If you love what you do it will be the only way to great work. If you havent run aground it yet, keep looking. Dont settle for something less than your goals you set for yourself.

Harmful Algal Blooms and Aquaculture

bad algal Blooms and how they ar Linked to Aquaculture Abstract Harmful algal hot flashs cause a commodious germinate off of detrimental meats on aquaculture. These set up atomic number 18 make love from the complexity of disadvantageous algal species the toxins they hold and sound structure they befool adapted. cognizance belt up lacks a full understanding of factors that ar envolved in meridianings produceation. Aquaculture and nocent algal boots ar sayly related because it is nonpargonil of many anthropogenetic factors that unintention completelyy produce the conditions that pull ahead denigrating algal superlatives.The methods of production, feeds used, waste produced contribute consort to nutritious warhead and eutrophic conditions by releasing essential wholesomes into piddle that be necessary for algal developing. Phosphorus and normality compounds ar two of the main byproducts or aquaculture that atomic number 18 associated with heyday var.ation. To minimize the set up of catastrophic algal blooms on aquaculture you must(prenominal) understand the diver mouldy and complexity of denigratory algal blooms and their relationship with aquaculture. Abstract Harmful algal blooms cause a wide compass of oppose cause on aquaculture.These effects atomic number 18 stick from the complexity of harmful algal species the toxins they create and word structure they subscribe adapted. intuition still lacks a full understanding of factors that are envolved in blooms formation. Aquaculture and harmful algal blooms are directly related because it is mavin of many anthropogenic factors that unintention all toldy produce the conditions that promote harmful algal blooms. The methods of production, feeds used, waste produced stick come in lead to nutrient load up and eutrophic conditions by releasing essential nutrients into water system that are necessary for algal maturement.Phosphorus and atomic number 7 comp ounds are two of the main byproducts or aquaculture that are associated with bloom formation. To minimize the effects of harmful algal blooms on aquaculture you must understand the change and complexity of harmful algal blooms and their relationship with aquaculture. Andrew Blajda Introduction oer the last some(prenominal) decades harmful algal blooms level(p)ts or HABs are debated to be increasing in frequency and geographic range. The reported adjoin is a pick out concern because of the wide scale impact they deliver on he environment and valet de chambres activities. The effect of HABs on aquaculture can be very damaging with blushfuluced growth, mortalities or accumulation of toxins. If aquaculture feats take place in the open bodies of water they maintain little or no way of avoiding elect(postnominal) blooms. Harmful algal bloom events that come in contact with aquaculture operations ofttimes have negative effects that can include student growth, weakened immunit y, mortalities, and on economic losses.One of the bigger concerns today is the evident change magnitude in harmful bloom events. Researchers have linked this annex with anthropogenic activities, aquaculture existence wizard of them. Aquaculture operations adds additional nutrients to the system, this petty(a)ers nutrients that limits algal growth. A split understand of the dynamics and characters the form and make up a bloom combined with the a better understanding of nutrient loading of aquaculture could potencely assistant centre the negative effects harmful algal blooms have on aquaculture.Single cubicleed microscopic algae returnle phytoplankton are the most globally abundant species and one of the marines most important re antecedents. These autotrophic elementary manufacturers form the bottom of the food pyramid, acting as the primary character of food for larval finfish, crustaceans, filter nutrition bivalves, and other species (Hallengraeff, 1995). In normal concentrations, these single celled algae work in balance with the ocean and its inhabitants, weft important bureaus in chemical and nutrient cycles. They act as primary producers, providing nutrients and food for variety of distinct species.These truthful microscopic species are vitally important to the success of both fisheries and aquaculture, but in slightly situations they can alike have detrimental effects on the marine and coastal environment and legion(predicate) terrestrial and marine species. A combination of physical, chemical, biological, hydrological, and meteorological events can generate appropriate conditions that al number one these simple single celled microalgae can exhibit exponential growth and reproduction. These infixed events create the opportunity for algal bloom formation with potential large scale negative effects without the area they cover (Graham, 2007).algal blooms can be very diverse and differ from one a nonher in many ways . How they form , the algal specie of causation, characteristics and dynamics of a blooms, the species they affect, and impacts they cause are some of the complex factors that are found in blooms (Zingone & Enevoldsen, 2000). The specific characteristics used to define a harmful bloom vary by sources. Hans Paerl, among others, defined harmful blooms by using several characteristics. Paerl in addition defined harmful blooms at their most basic level by var.ifying them as having nuisance conditions, opineing ecological and/or economic impacts (Paerl, 1988).As harmful algal blooms take to the woods across the ocean, the observable effects they cause go beyond the ocean and marine species it covers. These events will alike have wide spread negative impacts on costal terrestrial organism and both homosexual health and activities. algal species produce sevral different toxins that are detrimental effects to human health, causation various illnesses and mortalities. About 10% of foodborne disease in the United States results from algal toxins humankindwide they cause much(prenominal) than 60,000 intoxications a year. train Dolah, 2000) Economic losses due harmful algal blooms have been estimated in the tens of millions of dollars, from costs of land clean ups, decreased tourism, and closing or stopping sales of commercial fisheries and aquaculture (Van Dolah et al. , 2001). Over the past several decades thither has been an seeming increase in the frequency and geographic range of harmful algal blooms. This apparent increase has been attributed to both increased observations and focus on harmful algal blooms and increased inputs from anthropogenic sources.Aquaculture is one of many anthropogenic activities that is believed to be hypernutrification and eutrophic conditions in skirt bodies of water. This paper will attempt to gain a better understanding of diversity of harmful algal blooms and also the effect aquaculture has on the environment in adding in formation o f harmful algal blooms. Algal Blooms Historically algal blooms are a course doring phenomenon in earths oceans and have been observed throughout recorded history (Hallegraeff, 1993).These events are often beneficial to bivalves by supplying an abundant food supply to these filters feeding that relay on microalgae for their source of nutrients. Algal blooms can quickly turn into detrimental to the environment and its inhabitants are various ways (Leverone, 2007). Sources from human history including the bible may contain the first documented cases of algal blooms. In Exodus 7 20-21 referring to one of the plaques on Egypt all the waters that were in the river turned to blood, and the fish that was in the river died.Some historians and scientist now believe this biblical quality from 1,000BC could be the first written record of an algal bloom. (Hallegraeff, 1993) Other historical sources may have unknowing recorded written evidence on algal blooms, in China around 200AD general Zhu Ge-Ling documented sicknesses and losses of military personnel after drinking from a river that was stained green. (Chorus & Bartram, 1999) mental test of fossil algal specimens and historical reference compounding evidence that these event are not a new phenomenon and have been occurring in earths oceans for thousands if not millions of years.Recent finding from numerous long margin studies conducted around the world has brought a strong belief in the scientific community that algal blooms have been increasing in their frequency and geographic distribution. Even though most scientiest support the idea of a global increase of blooms and twith strong evidence supporting this theroy there is still a major dissagreement to the highest degree what is causation the increase (Pelley, 1998). The apparent increase of algal blooms, along with the global impacts on aquatic organisms, the environment, human health, and activities has increased interest and research being done on these eve nts (Li et al. 2002 Van Dolah et al. , 2001). The exact characteristics and descriptions that define an algal bloom are fairly broad and very from source to source. I was unable to find a universal definition of algal blooms. The description and definition I came across were similar but differed in many aspects this included sizes, formation factors, impacts, and algal species. Overall algal blooms are generally defined pregnant increase in biomass due to a rapid reproduction of a single microalgal species.The problem with this source is there can also be macroalgal blooms. Others described them as forming high density populations, with some species creating microscopic discoloration of the water. (Carstensen, Henriksen, & Heiskanen, 2007 Diersing, 2009) Others define blooms by impacts they cause displacing indigenes species, destroy habitat, oxygen depletion, and expurgate biochemical cycles. (Hoagland et al. , 2002) A to a greater extent generalized definition was given by Hall egraeff, adding that a bloom must have at least(prenominal) million cells per liter (Hallegraeff, 1993).The defining characteristic that differentiates a bloom from a harmful algal bloom is when they takes on a destructive roll and causes environment impacts. The term harmful is defined more specifically as causing negative impacts on the environment and adverse effects on both aquatic and terrestrial organisms. This is due to factors such(prenominal) as toxins they produce, specie specific cell physical structure causing damage to aquatic organisms or by accumulation of biomass affect vividly occurring organisms causing alterations food net dynamics and biochemical cycles (Anderson et al. 2002). Depending on the species, some algae produce toxins that can affect crustaceans, fish, mollusc, birds and mammals including humans non-poisonous species can still causes damage by blocking light from penetrating the water column, clogging or damaging gills, and creating anoxic conditio ns from accelerated bunk as they die off (Silver et al. , 2006 Sellner et al. , 2003) Harmful alga can also have impacts on shoreline coastal habitats, toxins can be transported onto the shore by sea nebulizer (Hoagland et al. , 2002).There are over 5,000 know photoplanktonic algal species that inhabit the marine waters exactly a dispirited portion, about 300 species are known to have blooming capabilities and even fewer, about 40-80 species or 2-3% of all photoplantonic algal species are known to have toxic chemicals producing capabilities this includes members that form red tides (Hallegraeff, 1993 Smayda, 1997). Nontoxic red tides are not uncommon, today people often incorrectly or mistakenly refer to toxic algal blooms as red tides even when brown, green or colorless (Anderson, 1994). cyanogenetic and other harmful algal species are ubiquitous throughout the marine and freshwater environment the majority of the time they present at low population densities that cause few, if any and simply minor impacts on the environment and its topical anesthetic inhabitants (Van Dolah, 2000). There are a variety of different phycotoxins algal species are able to synthesize individual species will only produce one type of toxin. The evolutionary advantages of these toxins are not fully understood they are believed to work a voice in bloom formation and predator protecting (Nehring, 1993).The different phycotoxins vary from one another in terms of the impacts and degree of damage they have on marine and terrestrial organisms, depending on the toxicity, the concentration, and the organisms. Toxicity vary among algal species Dinophysis is one example, they have the ability to produce toxins that have negative effects at densities as low as 100 cells per L-1 (Sellner et al. , 2003). The most toxic algal species are chiefly found in dinoflagellets (Table 1) with some having toxicity greater than venomous snakes. Table 1.Toxicity of several phycotoxins created differ ent organisms including algae. (Van Dolah, 2000) The taxonomical algal groups dinoflagellets, raphidophyetes, cynobactria, and some diatoms are known to have the capabilities of phycotoxins production these species are often the culprit dirty dog harmful algal blooms. Phycotoxins are toxic chemicals created biologically by photosynthetic organisms. Dinoflagellets are one of the prevail species that forms red tides members of this group also produce toxin that lead to foodborne illness and human mortalities (Li et al. , 2002 Hallegraeff et al. 1995). Human induced illnesses are not an uncommon result from consumption of seafood. Many algal toxins are potentially dangerous and even deadly to humans. Toxins accumulate in tissues of organisms like shellfish, finfish, and crustaceans that come in contact with a toxic bloom. These species are usually far less affected by algal toxins having adaptive mechanisms that lower the effects on the organisms associated with toxic blooms. Howeve r toxins still accumulate within the tissues and detoxification can take weeks before they reach levels inviolable for human consumption.Algal toxins cause for concerns for humans not only because they maintain their toxicity long after the bloom but more importantly because they can withstanding heat from cooking. Algal toxin foodborne diseases are caused by various species or toxins and come from different vectors. bivalve vectors can induce human illness that include (Table 2) paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP), amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) other vectors can lead to various other diseases as well (Van Dolah, 2000).The favorite term of red tide given to harmful algal bloom comes from compact, high densities of algal cells that containing red photosynthetic pigments, causing the water to appear red (Carstensen et al. , 2007). These toxic species can normally be found in low concentrations have no impacts on organisms and environment. The adverse effects on organism often deepened on cell concentration in blooms toxic algae aggregate and are more dangerous (Van Dolah, 2000).Some toxic algal species have developed unique life cycles and geomorphological characteristics that allow them to occupy a specific break that will be further examined. Table 2. Foodborne and environmental disease caused by harmful algal species, the toxin produced and the primary vector they inhabit. (Van Dolah, 2000) Harmful algal species have many adverse impacts on bivalves this includes a wide range of sub-lethal and lethal effects some algal species are more detrimental than others (Leverone, 2007). It is believed that increase frequency of blooms is partly due to the introduction of non-indigenous algal species.Non-indigenous species potentially will create a specific niche, and/or out compete native species. Indigenous naturally occurring harmful algal species are far less direct effects on biv alves this is because they have been able to naturally adapt to their presence over time. Native algal species in most case do not have as bad direct, detrimental impacts on shellfish and are usually not associated with large scale bivalve die off. The exception to this is in cases of intense blooms (Matsuyama & Shumway, 2009 Nehring, 1993 Zingone & Enevoldsen, 2000).Its still hard to truly say many large scale die-offs and increase sub-lethal impacts are directly due to non-indigenous algal species because identification is sometimes difficult, longer term data individual algal species geographic ranges are limited combined, and the theory anthropogenic factors are causing an overall increase in blooms. In many circumstance of HAB mortalities its difficult to differentiate whether they resulted from the algal specie or unfavorable water quality that coincide with blooms (Anderson et al. , 2002 Leverone, 2007).Complex morphology are found in many harmful algal species that helps pro tect them from predation and the environment and help obtain nutrients. Diatom algae are members of the Bacillariophyceae class they have been around for over 180 million years component part to create earths atmosphere and also play a major role in nutrient and chemical cycles. Over their evolutionary history diatoms have developed a variety of different exterior cellular morphology for protection from the environment and predation. They have a range of cell shapes and sizes and also form unique frustule cell walls made from silicon oxide.The frustule cell wall is made up of two over lapping overlapping silica bands forming a protective shell. The 100,000 diatom species have developed seeming infinite variations of cell wall micropatterns and structures including ridges, spines and plates (Kroger & Poulsen, 2008) These cellular morphological characteristics help protect them under adverse environmental conditions and restrict or prevent predation. Some species of diatoms have dev eloped such strong cell walls with structural properties that change them to survive ingestion and escape after passing through the digestive system. (Merkel, et al. 2003) The benefits of these structures do have negative effects and come at the cost of motile abilities, limits growth, and makes the cell very dense motile restorations and high cell densities make diatoms much more likely to sink out of the high nutrient water column. Bloom Formation The intricacy of bloom formation is due to both the abiotic(environmental and anthropogenic factors) and biotic factors these being the algae themselves. Adaptations of life cycle, morphology, and environmental conditions enable rapid reproduction of certain algal species that have developed specific niches (Sellner et al. 2003 Zingone & Enevoldsen, 2000). Algal blooms formation drive by the complex relation between the environmental factors and algal species although we understand the basics of formation there are still many unknowns . There are seemingly endless amounts of variables and factors that play a role in creating of a bloom. The main driving factors of when and where a bloom forms are a combination of environmental/anthropogenic factors (nutrient cycles and inputs) and algal morphology (Pinckney et al. , 1997 Sellner et al. ,2003).As simple as it sounds, there are countless variables including natural condition, anthropogenic effects, algal physiological and morphological characteristics that lead to the unpredictability and overall misunderstanding we still have on blooms. (Sellner et al. , 2003 Anderson, 1994) The belief that algal blooms are increasing in frequency and geographic range is a popular belief that is backed by numerous studies. The cause of this apparent increase has been attributed to the expanding human population (anthropogenic effects).Some still argue that the increase in blooms is due to the increase in observations from studies worldwide, a better understanding of blooms and bet ter record keeping but with overwhelming evidence supporting the lateral its hard to believe the human race is not playing a major roll. (Sellner et al. , 2003) Looking at the numer of literary reference to harmful algal bloom over 70 years(figure 1) shows a dramitic increase algal blooms from the 1920s through late 1990s (Hallegraeff, 1993). This also give arguments that increase research and technology contriubute to the increase ovserevd.Figure 1. Literary references of harmful algal blooms from Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstract (AFSA) publications over about 70 years. The increase can be attributed to a combination of anthropogenic factors or increased observations and present arguments for both sides. (Hallegraeff, 1993) Today we have an understanding of the natural environmental processes and factors that lead to bloom formation but the effects humans apply to the environment alter the natural cycles making it more difficult to predict blooms (Paerl, 1988).Blooms occur u nder irregular conditions that promote growth and reproduction allowing some species to flourish. The conditions found in blooms broad and often species specific adding to the complexity and unpredictability of blooms. In general the conditions associated with blooms are abundance (eutrophic), or an imbalance of nutrients, along with favorable water conditions (temperature, DO, salinity, and so on ). innate processes like atmospheric deposition, water column turnover, upwelling, oceanic currents, storms, and anomalous weather events (El Nino) work together and flutter over time effecting mixing rates, water quality.Nutrients pools build up over time from organic decomposition in benthic sediment. Mixing of the sediment perelapses the nutrient pools and bring about eutrophic conditions or alter the water chemistry that enable specific species of algae to flourish (Sellner et al. , 2003 Van Dolah, 2000 Paerl, 1988). Natural mixing rates occur during regularly during temporal or sea sonal with environmental fluxes or randomly from disturbances (natural anthropogenic). Sediment mixing are very important environment processes, releasing nutrients back into the water column allowing for increased primary producer growth.Seasonal and temporal sediment mixing produce lead to the specific conditions that form blooms. Eutrophication has been defined as an increase in supply of organic matter to the ecosystem in terms of algal bloom this refers to an increase in nutrients that allows an increase of primary production (Bonsdorff et al. , 1997). Three key nutrients, nitrates ammonia and phosphates are associated with eutrophication and considered the driving forces behind bloom (Sheng, Jinghong, Shiqiang, Jixi, Dingyong, & Ke, 2006). The levels found in marine waters are driven naturally based on natural events discussed above.Studies have found a correlation between anthropogenic actives leading to nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient loading and the apparent increase in fr equency of algal blooms along with alteration of natural nitrogen/phosphorus ratio (Bonsdorff et al. , 1997 Paerl, 2009). There are various anthropogenic activities that have led to the both topical anesthetic and global increase of nutrients in fresh and marine waters. Aquaculture is just one of many of these activities. Many studies have shown that aquaculture operations have byproducts that can cause eutrophic conditions.Nutrient loading from aquaculture only has local effects and the amount of effects it causes is size dependent (Anderson et al. , 2002). Aquaculture and Nutrient Loading It is important to understand the relationship between aquaculture and harmful algal blooms. Additional nutrients from the feed used, effluent comport, and waste products are some of the source that lead to nutrient loading (Tacon & Forster, 2003). The amount of additional nutrients added to a system increases based on how intense the operation is.HABs have wide spread negative impacts on aqua culture, the hope of significantly minimizing these impacts are still years away. To minimize the effects on aquaculture you must understand characteristics and dynamics of blooms, this includes the diversity of species involved and the factors associated with bloom formation. The apparent increase frequency and geographic range of harmful algal blooms is very important to aquaculture because aquaculture plays a role in helping create the conditions necessary for bloom formation.Aquaculture operations provided year round nutrient inputs in a local aspect, this eliminates nutrient limitations in those areas (Bonsdorff et al. , 1997). This section will discuss and review the relationship aquaculture has with nutrient loading and eutrophication of the surrounding water. north and phosphors are to key elements that take on various forms necessary for bloom formation. Both nitrogen and phosphors in the forms of nitrates, ammonia, phosphates and other compounds are byproducts of aquacult ure.Algal growth is limited by nutrient availability, generally based on availability of nitrogen and phosphors in the environment. Nitrogen in the forms of nitrates and ammonia are water soluble and write in code the system from either dissolved feeds, effluent discharge, or from waste produced by fish. Phosphates often accumulate mainly in the sediment and during mixing events are released into the water in high quantities (Karakassis, Pitta, & Krom, 2005). Nutrient loading from aquaculture that leads to eutrophic conditions come from several sources. The amount and source of the nutrients depends on the operation.Location of farm (open ocean, ponds, raceways etc. ), what is being grow (shrimp, finfish, bivalves), what are the inputs (feeds, fertilizer, etc. ) and how intensive the operation is. The source of local nutrient loading from aquaculture can be traced back to where the operation is taking place. Open ocean farming of finfish for instance causes eutrophic conditions r ight around the cages. On the other hand inland facilities such as pond systems and other flow through systems release effluent discharge causing nutrient in the and around the bodies of water they run into.The species being cultured also plays a major role. Bivalves for instance play a role in limiting algal growth by filter feeding, while finfish inputs and excreting essential nutrients in their waste is a major source of nutrients (Soto & Mena, 1991). How intensive an operation is and the actual inputs into the system are directly related. The more intensive an operation the more inputs and the more inputs the greater chance of hypernutrification and eutrophic conditions. Different operations require different inputs and these inputs have different nutrient atios. destination of some juvenile finfish require fertilization to promote phytoplankton growth for feed this puts the essential nutrients for algal growth directly into the system. The feeds used in aquaculture vary on the nutrients they are made up of, how stable they are and whether they float or sink. These factors are all in play in nutrient loading that come directly from aquaculture (Islam, 2005). The effects of aquaculture feeds on nutrient loading depend on several factors. There are three main factors these include 1) the amount of wasted feed.This is due to poor farming and management apply and floating Vs. sinking feeds. Poor management practices means over or an improper feeding proficiency that puts more feed in the water. Floating and sinking feed choices is also important. Sinking feeds may not be eaten by finfish if they go through the bottom of a net or cage, or if they sit on the bottom. On the other hand floating feeds may be less stable or uneaten if they are transported out of a system or to a place where they are unable to be eaten. 2) The actual quality of the feed.This poor stability and high solubility of feed pellets in water mean that once they are in the water they will b e broken down and release more and nutrients and in less time. The final factor is deals is loosely related to the previous two. 3) Once the feed is ingested factors such as limitations of absorption and retention of the nutrients from the feed. This factor deals mainly with poor digestibility or metabolism of the species being culture to the feed they are given. The nutrients in the feeds many not be utilized to their full potential once ingested fish will excrete the excess nutrients (Soto & Mena, 1991).Feed and nutrient inputs play a major role in nutrient loading and creating the conditions that promote algal growth either directly in the form of uneaten feeds or nutrients leaching or dissolving from the feeds, or indirectly from the digestion, metabolism and waste products from the species being cultured (Tacon & Forster, 2003). The important of feeds in nutrient loading must not be overlooked one study estimated that 70% of phosphorus and 30-50% of nitrogen in feeds is not uti lized by fish and is released into the environment (Soto & Mena, 1991).This only shows two of the most essential nutrients associated with bloom formation and not the various other nutrients that are also released and are important for algal growth. This also shows the significance of feeds based on the large amount of nutrients that are not utilized and instead entering the environment, promoting algal growth. Over all aquaculture farm operations lead to excessive amounts of inorganic and organic fertilizer, feeds, and wastes that are put into local water bodies with high concentrations nutrient, that lead to nutrient loading and eutrophic conditions.Discussion and Conclusions Aquaculture over the last several decades has grown globally in both its production and popularity. In the emerging aquaculture will continue to grow in its importance to the human population as alternate(a) food source to agriculture and wild fisheries, as well as helping with the depleted ocean stocks. As of now it appear that we will be seeing an increase in aquaculture around the world in the years to come. Although there are many benefits to aquaculture and the potential of increased production may have we must measure the benefits against the environment impacts they cause.Nutrient loading is just one of the environmental impacts associated with aquaculture and the effects of nutrient loading go beyond promotion of algal blooms. The global increase in aquaculture coincides with the apparent increase in harmful algal. Although there are many other anthropogenic factors that are at play in global nutrient loading aquaculture is a major local point-source form. We must understand the specific conditions that are associated blooms and the role aquaculture plays along with how complex and diverse blooms can if we hope to develop mechanisms that can significantly reduce the impacts on aquaculture.I choose the topic of harmful algal blooms and aquaculture effects of nutrient loading be cause it fits in finished with our class aquaculture and the environment. The purpose of this paper was to gain a general understanding of harmful algal blooms, and also to review the factors of aquaculture that lead to nutrient loading, eutrophic conditions, and the aid in bloom formation. This topic caught my attention because of similar topics Ive cover and work Ive done this semester in this class and others classes.Harmful algal blooms in general are very interesting because of the diversity of blooms, the range of effects they have, how unique the species involved are, and because of the complexity and over all lack of understanding have in factors of bloom formation. The purpose of this class included reviewing the impact of aquaculture on the environment and methods of reducing or eliminating those impacts. This paper focuses on harmful algal blooms and how aquaculture creates conditions that promoted bloom formation.I focused a great deal of this paper on harmful algal blo oms because if you hope to minimize the impacts they cause you must appreciate and understand their complexity and also understand the relation they have with aquaculture. The purpose of this paper was not to examine direct ways in which to minimize nutrient inputs of harmful algal blooms but the education given on harmful algal blooms and the role aquaculture plays in promoting bloom formation is useful to future studies and reviews focusing on ways to minimize the impacts of HABs on aquaculture and help reduce the factors of aquaculture that promote harmful bloom formation.Bibliography Anderson, D. M. (1994). Red Tides. Scientific American Vol. 271, No. 2, 52-58. Anderson, D. M. , Glibert, P. M. , & Burkholder, J. M. (2002). Harmful Algal Blooms and Eutrophication Nutrient Sources, Composition, and Consequences . 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